Combination therapies with disulfiram

ABSTRACT

Disclosed herein are compositions and methods for increasing lifespan, for preventing or treating a disease including an aging-related disorder, for reducing a symptom of aging, and/or boosting an immune system in a mammal. Also disclosed herein are compositions and methods for improving effectiveness of a vaccine in a mammal. The compositions comprise, at least, a therapeutically effective amount of disulfiram and one or more additional ingredients.

CROSS-REFERENCE

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/080,639 filed Sep. 18, 2020, the contents of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

Of the approximately 150,000 human deaths per day, approximately two-thirds are due to age-related causes. Aging leads to functional deterioration and progressive decline across multiple tissues, organs, and systems, including the immune system, that arise from the progressive accumulation of cellular and tissue damage. This damage may be attributed, in part, to dysfunction or disruption in one or more signaling pathways. Accordingly, there remains an unmet need for compositions and methods that stop, slow, or reverse these dysfunctions or disruptions and are capable of thereby treating aging-related disorders and/or reducing symptoms of aging.

SUMMARY

The present invention addresses this need. Accordingly, the present disclosure relates to compositions and methods for increasing lifespan, for preventing or treating a disease including an aging-related disorder, for reducing a symptom of aging, and/or boosting an immune system in a mammal. The present disclosure additionally relates to compositions and methods for improving effectiveness of a vaccine in a mammal.

An aspect of the present disclosure is a method for inhibiting and/or reducing pyroptotic cell death in a cell. The method comprises contacting the cell with an active agent that is disulfiram and a potentiating ingredient that is tert-Butylhydroquinone (TBHQ), thereby inhibiting and/or reducing pyroptotic cell death.

In some embodiments, the disulfiram and TBHQ are included in one composition and the composition consists essentially of disulfiram and TBHQ. In some cases, the composition further comprises one or more additional ingredients from Table 1.

In various embodiments, the method comprises contacting the cell with a first composition consisting essentially of disulfiram and contacting the cell with a second composition consisting essentially TBHQ. In some cases, the either or both of the first composition and the second composition further comprises one or more additional ingredients from Table 1.

In embodiments, inhibiting and/or reducing pyroptotic cell death in the cell increases the lifespan of the cell.

In some embodiments, the amount of disulfiram is from about 5 mg to about 500 mg and the amount of TBHQ is from about 0.02% to about 56% by weight of disulfiram.

In various embodiments, the TBHQ further potentiates disulfiram's ability to treat acute lung injury (ALI), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, dry eye, actinic keratosis, alopecia, and/or skin cancer.

In embodiments, the TBHQ further potentiates disulfiram's ability to inhibit and/or reduce a pathological inflammatory response, alter a T-cell's age, and/or alter mitochondrial function in the cell.

Another aspect of the present disclosure is a method for boosting activity of an immune cell. The method comprises contacting the immune cell with an active agent that is disulfiram and a potentiating ingredient that is tert-Butylhydroquinone (TBHQ), thereby boosting activity of an immune cell.

In some embodiments, the disulfiram and TBHQ are included in one composition and the composition consists essentially of disulfiram and TBHQ. In some cases, the composition further comprises one or more additional ingredients from Table 1. The method may comprise contacting the cell with a first composition consisting essentially of disulfiram and contacting the cell with an at least second composition consisting essentially TBHQ. Either or both of the first composition and the second composition further comprises one or more additional ingredients from Table 1.

In various embodiments, boosting activity of an immune cell increases an effective immune response against an infectious agent and/or an atypical cell.

In embodiments, boosting activity of an immune cell improves the immune cell's response against a component contained in a vaccine, wherein the component contained in the vaccine is an antigen obtained from, related to, homologous to, or expressed by an infectious agent.

In some embodiments, boosting activity of an immune cell comprises inhibiting a pathological immune response. In some cases, boosting activity of an immune cell minimizes overactive immune cell activity.

In various embodiments, the amount of disulfiram is from about 5 mg to about 500 mg and the amount of TBHQ is from about 0.02% to about 56% of the weight of the disulfiram.

Yet another aspect of the present disclosure is a composition consisting essentially of an active agent that is disulfiram and a potentiating ingredient that is tert-Butylhydroquinone (TBHQ). The amount of disulfiram is from about 5 mg to about 500 mg and the amount of TBHQ is from about 0.02% to about 56% of the of the disulfiram.

It shall be understood that different aspects and/or embodiments of the invention can be appreciated individually, collectively, or in combination with each other. Various aspects and/or embodiments of the invention describe herein may be applied to any of the uses set forth below and in other methods for increasing lifespan in a mammal. Any description herein concerning a specific composition and/or method apply to and may be used for any other specific composition and/or method as disclosed herein. Additionally, any composition disclosed herein is applicable to any herein-disclosed method. In other words, any aspect or embodiment described herein can be combined with any other aspect or embodiment as disclosed herein.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A to FIG. 1D show data obtained when virally infected cells were treated with a disulfiram. FIG. 1A shows cytokine levels from the supernatant of vesicular stomatitis virus encoding a red fluorescent protein (rVSV-ΔG-mCherry)-infected cells (infected at 10×MOI); asterisks indicate statistical significance relative to untreated control cells. Data is normalized by total cell count. In FIG. 1B and FIG. 1C, respectively, show reticularity measurements of mitochondria and aging scores in T cells. In FIG. 1B and FIG. 1C, horizontal bars represent the distribution of untreated controls from younger and older donors; the solid line represents the median and the lower and upper dashed lines represent the 25^(th) and 75^(th) quartiles, respectively. The line graph represents the median and 95% CI for treated cells, with statistical significance relative to untreated control cells indicated by asterisks. In FIG. 1D, “on-age” and “off-age” scores for T cells treated with either disulfiram or dimethyl fumarate. Distributions for younger and older control (untreated) cells are plotted using a Gaussian kernel density estimation. Statistical significance relative to untreated control cells is indicated by the following: *, P<0.5; **, P<0.001; ***, P<0.0001. IL, interleukin; MCP1, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1; MOI, multiplicity of infection; PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cell; TNF, tumor necrosis factor.

FIG. 2 shows the effect of cells treated with disulfiram alone, tert-Butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) alone, or disulfiram and TBHQ in combination at different concentrations.

FIG. 3 shows the effect of cells treated with TBHQ and different concentrations of disulfiram.

FIG. 4A to FIG. 4C show synergistic effects of TBHQ on disulfiram activity. FIG. 4A is a table of synergy ratio of actual/expected effect at each concentration of TBHQ and disulfiram; cells in grey indicate positive synergy. FIG. 4B and FIG. 4C are graphs showing average synergy at different concentrations of TBHQ and disulfiram.

FIG. 5 is a table showing the percent difference in IC50 between disulfiram alone vs. disulfiram and TBHQ at various concentrations or constant ratio (last column). TBHQ combined with disulfiram shifts the IC50 to the left relative to disulfiram alone in a dose-dependent manner. TBHQ has no effect on pyroptosis inhibition or a clear IC50, indicating effects on early inhibition and shifted IC50 is synergistic.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present disclosure relates to compositions and methods for increasing lifespan, for preventing or treating a disease including an aging-related disorder, for reducing a symptom of aging, and/or boosting an immune system in a mammal. The present disclosure additionally relates to compositions and methods for improving effectiveness of a vaccine in a mammal.

1. Compounds and Compositions

The methods of the present disclosure comprise administering to a mammal a therapeutically effective amount of an active ingredient that is disulfiram and a potentiating ingredient that is tert-Butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) or comprise contacting a cell (in vivo, in vitro, or ex vivo) with an active ingredient that is disulfiram and a potentiating ingredient that is TBHQ.

Disulfiram is a specific inhibitor of an aldehyde-dehydrogenase (ALDH1). Disulfiram was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in 1951 for alcohol aversion therapy after researchers observed that it induced the effects of a hangover after alcohol consumption. Disulfiram blocks the major metabolic reaction that converts alcohol into acetaldehyde. Disulfiram inhibits pyroptosis of a cell by inhibition of gasdermin D.

As used herein, the term disulfiram includes disulfiram itself and any of its metabolites and/or derivatives. Examples of metabolites include diethyldithiocarbamate, diethyl-amine, and carbon disulfide.

In each aspect and embodiment of the present disclosure, the active agent is disulfiram and the potentiating ingredient is TBHQ. TBHQ has the following chemical identifiers: CAS 1948-33-0, DrugBank DB07726, MedChem HY-100489, and SelleckChem S4990. TBHQ protects against Doxorubicin (DOX)-induced cardiotoxicity through activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NrF2). TBHQ is also an ERK activator, and rescues Dehydrocorydaline (DHC)-induced cell proliferation inhibition in melanoma.

TBHQ is generally recognized as safe (GRAS; e.g., by the FDA), is listed in the FDA inactive ingredient database (IID (see, the World Wide Web at accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/iig/index.cfm), and/or is included in the FDA's Substances Added to Food list (see, the World Wide Web at cfsanappsexternal.fda.gov/scripts/fdcc/?set=FoodSubstances and the regulations set forth in 21 CFR 73, 74, 172, 173, 181, 182, and 184, the contents of each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety).

As used herein, the term TBHQ includes TBHQ itself and any of its metabolites, derivatives, and/or precursors. Examples of TBHQ metabolites include TBHQ-glucuronide and TBHQ-sulfate. An example of a TBHQ precursor is butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA).

A composition of the present disclosure comprises an active agent that is disulfiram and a potentiating ingredient that is TBHQ. A plurality of compositions of the present disclosure may comprise a first composition comprising an active agent that is disulfiram and a second composition comprising a potentiating ingredient that is TBHQ.

The present disclosure provides methods that comprise administering a therapeutically effective amount of an active agent that is disulfiram and a potentiating ingredient that is TBHQ, contacting a cell or immune cell with an active agent that is disulfiram and a potentiating ingredient that is TBHQ, a composition comprising an active agent that is disulfiram and a potentiating ingredient that is TBHQ, and a plurality of compositions comprising a first composition comprising an active agent that is disulfiram and a second composition comprising a potentiating ingredient that is TBHQ.

A potentiating ingredient, i.e., TBHQ, enhances, increases, and/or improves the desirable activity of the active ingredient, i.e., disulfiram. As a non-limiting example, the potentiating ingredient enhances pyroptosis activity of disulfiram.

The potentiating ingredient, i.e., TBHQ, used in the present disclosure enhances, increases, and/or improves the effectiveness and/or desirable activity of the active ingredient, i.e., disulfiram. Thus, a composition comprising disulfiram alone will be less effective, for example, than a composition comprising disulfiram and its potentiating ingredient TBHQ. Similarly, a method in which disulfiram is administered alone is less effective than a method in which disulfiram is administered with TBHQ (either as a single composition or as distinct compositions that are administered contemporaneously or sequentially). In various embodiments, the potentiating ingredient, as disclosed herein, enhances disulfiram's ability to inhibit pyroptosis. In some embodiments, the enhanced, increased, and/or improved effectiveness and/or activity of the active agent, i.e., disulfiram, may be any amount between about 1.1-fold and about 3-fold, e.g., about 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9, or 3-fold, and any fold therebetween. In embodiments, the enhanced, increased, and/or improved effectiveness and/or activity of the active agent, i.e., disulfiram, may be any amount between about 3-fold and about 5-fold, e.g., about 3, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 4, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7, 4.8, 4.9, or 5-fold, and any fold therebetween. The enhanced, increased, and/or improved effectiveness and/or activity of the active agent, i.e., disulfiram, may be any amount between about 5-fold and about 15-fold. As examples, the effectiveness may be increased about 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, 9.5, 10, 10.5, 11, 11.5, 12, 12.5, 13, 13.5, 14, 14.5, or 15-fold, and any fold therebetween. In some embodiments, the enhanced, increased and/or improved effectiveness and/or activity of the active agent, i.e., disulfiram, is greater than about 15-fold. The increased and/or improved effectiveness may be greater than about 1%, e.g., about 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or about 100%, and any percentage therebetween.

An enhanced, increased, and/or improved effectiveness and/or activity of the active agent, i.e., disulfiram, may be determined by any assay, phenotype, marker, or indicator demonstrating a desired outcome from a treatment or administration of a composition. As examples, effectiveness and/or activity may be shown as a reduction in markers/indicators of an aging cell, an increase in markers/indicators of a healthy cell, an extension of the active life of a cell, a reduction in apoptosis, increased longevity of a mammal, a reduction in the predicted biological age of a cell, increased titer of antibodies in response to a vaccine, inhibition of pyroptosis in an in vitro assay, an immune profile, and phenotypic changes in a cell that report health and/or activity. Increased and/or improved effectiveness may be objective (e.g., quantifiable) or subjective (e.g., qualifiable).

Because the potentiating ingredient, i.e., TBHQ, enhances, increases, and/or improve disulfiram's effectiveness and/or activity (e.g., in pyroptosis inhibition), lower doses of disulfiram may be administered to a mammal while still providing a desired outcome. This lower dose may minimize adverse effects resulting from disulfiram administration.

In certain embodiments, disulfiram is administered at a daily dosage of about 5 mg to about 500 mg per day. For example, disulfiram is administered at a total daily dosage of about 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 45, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 275, 300, 325, 350, 375, 400, 425, 450, 475, or 500 mg per day, and any total dosage therebetween. As examples, the daily dosage may be 5-10 mg, 10-15 mg, 15-20 mg, 20-25 mg, 25-30 mg, 30-35 mg, 35-40 mg, 40-45 mg, 45-50 mg, 50-55 mg, 55-60 mg, 60-65 mg, 65-70 mg, 70-75 mg, 75-80 mg, 80-85 mg, 85-90 mg, 90-95 mg, 95-100 mg, 100-125 mg, 125-150 mg, 150-175 mg, 175-200 mg, 200-225 mg, 225-250 mg, 250-275 mg, 275-300 mg, 300-325 mg, 325-350 mg, 350-375 mg, 375-400 mg, 400-425 mg, 425-450 mg, 450-475 mg, or 475-500 mg. The disulfiram may be administered 1×, 2×, or 3× per day to achieve the daily dosage. Thus, for a daily dose of 5 mg with a once per day administration, only a single administration of 5 mg will be given; for a daily dose of 5 mg with a twice per day administration, two administrations of about 2.5 mg will be given; and for a daily dose of 5 mg with a thrice per day administration, three administrations of about 1.7 mg will be given. Similarly, for a daily dose of 500 mg with a once per day administration, only a single administration of 500 mg will be given; for a daily dose of 500 mg with a twice per day administration, two administrations of about 250 mg will be given; and for a daily dose of 500 mg with a thrice per day administration, three administrations of about 170 mg will be given. The potentiating ingredient, i.e., TBHQ, may be administered 1×, 2×, or 3× per day.

In certain embodiments, the potentiating ingredient, i.e., TBHQ, and the disulfiram are administered in two separate formulations. In certain embodiments, the TBHQ and the disulfiram are administered in a single formulation.

In certain embodiments, the potentiating ingredient, i.e., TBHQ, is administered at a ratio of about 1:1 to about 1:3000 moles of TBHQ to disulfiram. The TBHQ may be administered at a ratio of about 1:1, 1:1.01, 1:1.02, 1:1.03, 1:1.04, 1:1.05, 1:1.06, 1:1.07, 1:1.08, 1:1.09, 1:1.1, 1:1.11, 1:1.12, 1:1.13, 1:1.14, 1:1.15, 1:1.16, 1:1.17, 1:1.18, 1:1.19, 1:1.2, 1:1.21, 1:1.22, 1:1.23, 1:1.24, 1:1.25, 1:1.26, 1:1.27, 1:1.28, 1:1.29, or 1:1.3 moles TBHQ per mole of disulfiram. The TBHQ may be administered at a ratio of about 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, 1:5, 1:6, 1:7, 1:8, 1:9, 1:10, 1:11, 1:12, 1:13, 1:14, 1:15, 1:16, 1:17, 1:18, 1:19, or 1:20 moles TBHQ per mole of disulfiram. The TBHQ may be administered at a ratio of about 1:10, 1:20, 1:30, 1:40, 1:50, 1:60, 1:70, 1:80, 1:90, 1:100, 1:110, 1:120, 1:130, 1:140, 1:150, 1:160, 1:170, 1:180, 1:190, or 1:200 moles TBHQ per mole of disulfiram, and any ratio therebetween. As examples, the ratio may be about 1:10-1:15, 1:15-1:20, 1:20-1:25, 1:25-1:30, 1:30-1:35, 1:35-1:40, 1:40-1:45, 1:45-1:50, 1:50-1:55, 1:55-1:60, 1:60-1:65, 1:65-1:70, 1:70-1:75, 1:75-1:80, 1:80-1:85, 1:85-1:90, 1:90-1:95, 1:95-1:100, 1:100-1:125, 1:125-1:150, 1:150-1:175, 1:175-1:200 moles TBHQ per mole of disulfiram. The TBHQ may be administered at a ratio of about 1:100, 1:200, 1:300, 1:400, 1:500, 1:600, 1:700, 1:800, 1:900, or 1:1000 moles TBHQ per mole of disulfiram, and any ratio therebetween. As examples, the ratio may be about 1:100-1:125, 1:125-1:150, 1:150-1:175, 1:175-1:200, 1:200-1:225, 1:225-1:250, 1:250-1:275, 1:275-1:300, 1:300-1:325, 1:325-1:350, 1:350-1:375, 1:375-1:400, 1:400-1:425, 1:425-1:450, 1:450-1:475, 1:475-1:500, 1:500-1:525, 1:525-1:550, 1:550-1:575, 1:575-1:600, 1:600-1:625, 1:625-1:650, 1:650-1:675, 1:675-1:700, 1:700-1:725, 1:725-1:750, 1:750-1:775, 1:775-1:800, 1:800-1:825, 1:825-1:850, 1:850-1:875, 1:875-1:900, 1:900-1:925, 1:925-1:950, 1:950-1:975, or 1:975-1:1000 moles TBHQ per mole of disulfiram. The TBHQ may be administered at a ratio of about 1:1000, 1:1100, 1:1200, 1:1300, 1:1400, 1:1500, 1:1600, 1:1700, 1:1800, 1:1900, 1:2000, 1:2100, 1:2200, 1:2300, 1:2400, 1:2500, 1:2600, 1:2700, 1:2800, 1:2900, or 1:3000 moles TBHQ per mole of disulfiram, and any ratio therebetween. As examples, the ratio may be about 1:1000-1:1100, 1:1100-1:1200, 1:1200-1:1300, 1:1300-1:1400, 1:1400-1:1500, 1:1500-1:1600, 1:1600-1:1700, 1:1700-1:1800, 1:1800-1:1900, 1:1900-1:2000, 1:2000-1:2100, 1:2100-1:2200, 1:2200-1:2300, 1:2300-1:2400, 1:2400-1:2500, 1:2500-1:2600, 1:2600-1:2700, 1:2700-1:2800, 1:2800-1:2900, or 1:2900-1:3000 moles TBHQ per mole of disulfiram.

In embodiments where the potentiating ingredient, i.e., TBHQ, and the active agent, i.e., disulfiram, are administered in a single formulation, the amount of TBHQ is about 0.02% to about 56% of the amount of disulfiram (by weight). The amount of TBHQ may be about 0.02%, 0.03%, 0.04%, 0.05%, 0.06%, 0.07%, 0.08%, 0.09%, 0.1%, 0.11%, 0.12%, 0.13%, 0.14%, 0.15%, 0.16%, 0.17%, 0.18%, 0.19%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, or 1% of the weight of the disulfiram. The amount of TBHQ may be about 1%, 1.2%, 1.4%, 1.6%, 1.8%, 2%, 2.2%, 2.4%, 2.6%, 2.8%, 3%, 3.2%, 3.4%, 3.6%, 3.8%, 4%, 4.2%, 4.4%, 4.6%, 4.8%, 5%, 5.2%, 5.4%, 5.6%, 5.8%, 6%, 6.2%, 6.4%, 6.6%, 6.8%, 7%, 7.2%, 7.4%, 7.6%, 7.8%, 8%, 8.2%, 8.4%, 8.6%, 8.8%, 9%, 9.2%, 9.4%, 9.6%, 9.8%, 10%, of the weight of the disulfiram, and any percentage therebetween. As examples, the percentage may be about 1%-1.5%, 1.5%-2%, 2%-2.5%, 2.5%-3%, 3%-3.5%, 3.5%-4%, 4%-4.5%, 4.5%-5%, 5%-5.5%, 5.5%-6%, 6%-6.5%, 6.5%-7%, 7%-7.5%, 7.5%-8%, 8%-8.5%, 8.5%-9%, 9%-9.5%, or 9.5%-10% of the weight of the disulfiram. The amount of TBHQ may be about 10%, 12%, 14%, 16%, 18%, 20%, 22%, 24%, 26%, 28%, 30%, 32%, 34%, 36%, 38%, 40%, 42%, 44%, 46%, 48%, 50%, 52%, 54%, or 56% of the weight of the disulfiram, and any percentage therebetween. As examples, the percentage may be about 10%-15%, 15%-20%, 20%-25%, 25%-30%, 30%-35%, 35%-40%, 40%-45%, 45%-50%, or 50%-56% of the weight of the disulfiram. In embodiments where the potentiating ingredient, i.e., TBHQ, and the active agent, i.e., disulfiram, are administered in two formulations, the amount of TBHQ is about 0.02% to about 56% of the weight of the disulfiram. The amount of TBHQ may be about 0.02%, 0.03%, 0.04%, 0.05%, 0.06%, 0.07%, 0.08%, 0.09%, 0.1%, 0.11%, 0.12%, 0.13%, 0.14%, 0.15%, 0.16%, 0.17%, 0.18%, 0.19%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, or 1% of the weight of the disulfiram. The amount of TBHQ may be about 1%, 1.2%, 1.4%, 1.6%, 1.8%, 2%, 2.2%, 2.4%, 2.6%, 2.8%, 3%, 3.2%, 3.4%, 3.6%, 3.8%, 4%, 4.2%, 4.4%, 4.6%, 4.8%, 5%, 5.2%, 5.4%, 5.6%, 5.8%, 6%, 6.2%, 6.4%, 6.6%, 6.8%, 7%, 7.2%, 7.4%, 7.6%, 7.8%, 8%, 8.2%, 8.4%, 8.6%, 8.8%, 9%, 9.2%, 9.4%, 9.6%, 9.8%, 10%, of the weight of the disulfiram, and any percentage therebetween. As examples, the percentage may be about 1%-1.5%, 1.5%-2%, 2%-2.5%, 2.5%-3%, 3%-3.5%, 3.5%-4%, 4%-4.5%, 4.5%-5%, 5%-5.5%, 5.5%-6%, 6%-6.5%, 6.5%-7%, 7%-7.5%, 7.5%-8%, 8%-8.5%, 8.5%-9%, 9%-9.5%, or 9.5%-10% of the weight of the disulfiram. The amount of TBHQ may be about 10%, 12%, 14%, 16%, 18%, 20%, 22%, 24%, 26%, 28%, 30%, 32%, 34%, 36%, 38%, 40%, 42%, 44%, 46%, 48%, 50%, 52%, 54%, or 56% of the weight of the disulfiram, and any percentage therebetween. As examples, the percentage may be about 10%-15%, 15%-20%, 20%-25%, 25%-30%, 30%-35%, 35%-40%, 40%-45%, 45%-50%, or 50%-56% of the weight of the disulfiram.

In some embodiments, TBHQ is administered at a daily dosage from about 0.001 mg to about 280 mg. As examples, TBHQ is administered at a total daily dosage of about 0.001 mg, 0.002 mg, 0.003 mg, 0.004 mg, 0.005 mg, 0.006 mg, 0.007 mg, 0.008 mg, 0.009 mg, or 0.01 mg, and any daily dosage therebetween. As examples, the daily dosage of TBHQ may be about 0.001-0.002 mg, 0.002-0.003 mg, 0.003-0.004 mg, 0.004-0.005 mg, 0.005-0.006 mg, 0.006-0.007 mg, 0.007-0.008 mg, 0.008-0.009 mg, or 0.009-0.01 mg. The TBHQ may be administered at a total daily dosage of about 0.01 mg, 0.02 mg, 0.03 mg, 0.04 mg, 0.05 mg, 0.06 mg, 0.07 mg, 0.08 mg, 0.09 mg, or 0.1 mg, and any daily dosage therebetween. As examples, the daily dosage of TBHQ may be about 0.01-0.02 mg, 0.02-0.03 mg, 0.03-0.04 mg, 0.04-0.05 mg, 0.05-0.06 mg, 0.06-0.07 mg, 0.07-0.08 mg, 0.08-0.09 mg, or 0.09-0.1 mg. The TBHQ may be administered at a total daily dosage of about 0.1 mg, 0.2 mg, 0.3 mg, 0.4 mg, 0.5 mg, 0.6 mg, 0.7 mg, 0.8 mg, 0.9 mg, or 1 mg, and any daily dosage therebetween. As examples, the daily dosage of TBHQ may be about 0.1-0.2 mg, 0.2-0.3 mg, 0.3-0.4 mg, 0.4-0.5 mg, 0.5-0.6 mg, 0.6-0.7 mg, 0.7-0.8 mg, 0.8-0.9 mg, or 0.9-1 mg. The TBHQ may be administered at a total daily dosage of about 1 mg, 2 mg, 3 mg, 4 mg, 5 mg, 6 mg, 7 mg, 8 mg, 9 mg, or 10 mg, and any daily dosage therebetween. As examples, the daily dosage of TBHQ may be about 1-2 mg, 2-3 mg, 3-4 mg, 4-5 mg, 5-6 mg, 6-7 mg, 7-8 mg, 8-9 mg, or 9-10 mg. The TBHQ may be administered at a total daily dosage of about 10 mg, 20 mg, 30 mg, 40 mg, 50 mg, 60 mg, 70 mg, 80 mg, 90 mg, or 100 mg, and any daily dosage therebetween. As examples, the daily dosage of TBHQ may be about 10-20 mg, 20-30 mg, 30-40 mg, 40-50 mg, 50-60 mg, 60-70 mg, 70-80 mg, 80-90 mg, or 90-100 mg. The TBHQ may be administered at a total daily dosage of about 100 mg, 110 mg, 120 mg, 130 mg, 140 mg, 150 mg, 160 mg, 170 mg, 180 mg, 190 mg, 200 mg, 210 mg, 220 mg, 230 mg, 240 mg, 250 mg, 260 mg, 270 mg, or 280 mg and any daily dosage therebetween. As examples, the daily dosage of TBHQ may be about 100-110 mg, 110-120 mg, 120-130 mg, 130-140 mg, 140-150 mg, 150-160 mg, 160-170 mg, 170-180 mg, 180-190 mg, 190-200 mg, 200-210 mg, 210-220 mg, 220-230 mg, 230-240 mg, 240-250 mg, 250-260 mg, 260-270 mg, or 270-280 mg. The potentiating ingredient, i.e., TBHQ, may be administered 1×, 2×, or 3× per day to achieve the daily dosage. Thus, for a daily dose of 5 mg with a once per day administration, only a single administration of 5 mg will be given; for a daily dose of 5 mg with a twice per day administration, two administrations of about 2.5 mg will be given; and for a daily dose of 5 mg with a thrice per day administration, three administrations of about 1.7 mg will be given. Similarly, for a daily dose of 280 mg with a once per day administration, only a single administration of 280 mg will be given; for a daily dose of 280 mg with a twice per day administration, two administrations of about 140 mg will be given; and for a daily dose of 280 mg with a thrice per day administration, three administrations of about 93 mg will be given.

Compositions and methods of the present disclosure may further comprise one or more additional ingredients. The additional ingredients may also potentiate the activity of the active agent, i.e., disulfiram. As such, the additional ingredient may be considered a second potentiating ingredient. The additional ingredient may also assist in the potentiating activity of TBHQ. The additional ingredient may be generally activity inert and, instead, provide other favorable properties to a composition, e.g., acting as a binder, a buffer, a solute, an excipient, and so forth. For example, a composition of the present disclosure may comprise disulfiram and TBHQ and one or more additional ingredients. When a plurality of compositions is useful in the present disclosure, a first composition may comprise disulfiram, a second composition may comprise TBHQ, and an at least third composition may comprise one or more additional ingredients. For methods of the present disclosure, a subject may be administered a composition comprising disulfiram, TBHQ, and one or more additional potentiating ingredients. For other methods of the present disclosure, a subject may be administered a first composition comprising disulfiram, a second composition comprising TBHQ, and an at least third composition comprising one or more additional ingredients.

An additional ingredient, as used herein, is a compound that is generally recognized as safe (GRAS; e.g., by the FDA), is listed in the FDA inactive ingredient database (IID (see, the World Wide Web at accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/iig/index.cfm), and/or is included in the FDA's Substances Added to Food list (see, the World Wide Web at cfsanappsexternal.fda.gov/scripts/fdcc/?set=FoodSubstances and the regulations set forth in 21 CFR 73, 74, 172, 173, 181, 182, and 184, the contents of each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety). An additional ingredient may be found in a plurality of the above-mentioned lists/databases. In some instances, an additional ingredient is considered an “inactive ingredient”. An inactive ingredient is any component of a drug product other than the active ingredient (see, the World Wide Web at fda.gov/drugs/drug-approvals-and-databases/inactive-ingredients-approved-drug-products-search-frequently-asked-questions, the contents of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety). In the present disclosure, the active ingredient is disulfiram. In various embodiments of the present disclosure, an additional ingredient is any substance that can intentionally be added to a food as a food additive and which is generally recognized, among qualified experts, as having been adequately shown to be safe under the conditions of its intended use. In particular, additional ingredients are exempted from the usual Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) food additive tolerance requirements. An additional ingredient, as used herein, includes both the specific additional ingredient and any of its metabolites and/or their derivatives. Non-limiting examples of a metabolite includes a salt and ester of the additional ingredient. Other variations may include changes in Chirality, Isomers, Hydration states relative to the specific additional ingredient. The usefulness of a metabolite or a derivative of an additional ingredient that is useful in the present disclosure, is well-within the ability of a skilled artisan; such experiments needed to verify that the metabolite or derivative is useful would be similar to the experiments used to verify that the specific additional ingredient is useful, e.g., in the compositions and methods of the present disclosure.

TABLE 1 Illustrative additional ingredients Catalog No Drug Names Target Pathway Biological Activity CAS HY-101036 Choline mAChR GPCR/G Protein; Choline (bitartrate) is an essential nutrient, often associated with the B 87-67-2 (bitartrate) Neuronal vitamins but not yet officially defined as a B vitamin. Choline (bitartrate) Signaling plays an important role in synthesis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. HY-101103 (2- Others Others (2-Hydroxypropyl)-β-cyclodextrin is a widely used drug delivery vehicle 128446-35-5 Hydroxypropyl)- to improve the stability and bioavailability. β-cyclodextrin HY-101530 Polyoxyethylene Bacterial; P- Anti-infection; Polyoxyethylene stearate (POES) is a non-ionic emulsifying agent. 9004-99-3 stearate glycoprotein Membrane Transporter/Ion Channel HY-10448 Capsaicin Autophagy; Autophagy; Capsaicin ((E)-Capsaicin) is a mixture of Capsaicin and 404-86-4 TRP Channel Membrane Dihydrocapsaicin. Capsaici is a TRPV1 agonist with an EC50 of 0.29 μM Transporter/Ion in HEK293 cells. Channel; Neuronal Signaling HY-107201 β-Cyclodextrin Influenza Anti-infection β-Cyclodextrin is a cyclic polysaccharide composed of seven units of 7585-39-9 Virus glucose (α-D-glucopyranose) linked by α-(1,4) type bonds. β- Cyclodextrin has often been used to enhance the solubility of drugs. β- Cyclodextrin has anti-influenza virus H1N1 activities. HY-107799 Castor oil Others Others Castor oil is a natural triglyceride and a solvent. Castor oil has a laxative 8001-79-4 effect and induces labor in pregnant females. Castor oil can be used as a solvent, co-solvent, stabilizing agent and polyol for the formation of polymer-nanoparticle composites. HY-107832 Ketoisophorone Others Others Ketoisophorone (4-Oxoisophorone) is a key intermediate in the synthesis 1125-21-9 of carotenoids and flavouring agents. Ketoisophorone is an industrially important cyclic endione. HY-107846 Xylan Others Others Xylan represents the main hemicellulose component in the secondary 9014-63-5 plant cell walls of flowering plants. Xylan is a polysaccharide made from units of xylose and contains predominantly β-D-xylose units linked as in cellulose. HY-109521 Manganous chloride tetrahydrate HY-111095 D-(-)-Lactic Endogenous Metabolic D-(-)-Lactic acid is a normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, 10326-41-7 acid Metabolite Enzyme/Protease metabolism) of sugar. D-(-)-Lactic acid is identified to be a competitive inhibitor of ProDH (proline dehydrogenase) in plants. HY-111830 Lignin Others Others Lignin (Lignine) is a natural complex biopolymer with biodegradable and 9005-53-2 biocompatible. Lignin is the main component of plant cell walls and is a renewable aromatic polymer. Lignin has strongly antioxidant activity. HY-112624 Dextran Others Others Dextran (Dextran 40) has an inhibitory effect on thrombocyte aggregation 9004-54-0 and coagulation factors and is used as a plasma volume expander. HY-113063 3-Methyl-2- Endogenous Metabolic 3-Methyl-2-oxovaleric acid is a neurotoxin, an acidogen, and a 1460-34-0 oxovaleric acid Metabolite Enzyme/Protease metabotoxin, and also an abnormal metabolite that arises from the incomplete breakdown of branched-chain amino acids. HY-114336 Enocyanin Phosphatase Metabolic Enocyanin is an anthocyanin extracted from grapes. Enocyanin shows 11029-12-2 Enzyme/Protease inhibitory effect on the leucine aminopeptidase, acid phosphatase, γ- glutamyl transpeptidase and esterase activity. HY-116084 Trimethylamine Endogenous Immunology/ Trimethylamine N-oxide is a gut microbe-dependent metabolite of dietary 1184-78-7 N-oxide Metabolite; Inflanimation; choline and other trimethylamine-containing nutrients. Trimethylamine NOD-like Metabolic N-oxide induces inflammation by activating the ROS/NLRP3 Receptor Enzyme/Protease; inflammasome. Trimethylamine N-oxide also accelerates fibroblast- (NLR); NF-κB; Stem myofibroblast differentiation and induces cardiac fibrosis by activating Reactive Cell/Wnt; TGF- the TGF-β/smad2 signaling pathway. Oxygen beta/Smad Species; TGF- beta/Smad HY-119309 Sucrose Others Others Sucrose octaacetate is an acetylated derivative of sucrose with an 126-14-7 octaacetate intensely bitter tasting and can be used as bitter tasting surrogate. Sucrose octaacetate can be used as food additive and also used as an adhesive and plasticizer. Sucrose octaacetate also used in many pesticides, insecticides, and other toxic products as a deterrent to accidental poisoning. Sucrose octaacetate can also be used as an in situ seed and a soft template to synthesize polyaniline (PANT) nanofibers. HY-124190 Isopropyl 110-27-0 myristate HY-125861 Methyl Others Others Methylcellulose is a natural polymer which gels on heating. 9004-67-5 cellulose Methylcellulose is not toxic. HY-125865 Casein 9000-71-9 HY-128454 Dimethyl Endogenous Metabolic Dimethyl trisulfide is an organic chemical compound and the simplest 3658-80-8 trisulfide Metabolite Enzyme/Protease organic trisulfide found in garlic, onion, broccoli, and similar plants. Dimethyl trisulfide is a cyanide antidote. HY-13211 (E)-2-Decenoic Others Others (E)-2-Decenoic acid is an interesting fatty acid isolated from royal jelly 334-49-6 acid secretions of honey bees. HY-14608 (S)-Glutamic Apoptosis; Apoptosis; (S)-Glutamic acid acts as an excitatory transmitter and an agonist at all 56-86-0 acid Endogenous Membrane subtypes of glutamate receptors (metabotropic, kainate, NMDA, and Metabolite; Transporter/Ion AMPA). (S)-Glutamic acid shows a direct activating effect on the release Ferroptosis; Channel; of DA from dopaminergic terminals. iGluR Metabolic Enzyme/Protease; Neuronal Signaling HY-14608A L-Glutamic Apoptosis; Apoptosis; L-Glutamic acid monosodium salt acts as an excitatory transmitter and an 142-47-2 acid Ferroptosis; Membrane agonist at all subtypes of glutamate receptors (metabotropic, kainate, monosodium iGluR Transporter/Ion NMDA, and AMPA). (S)-Glutamic acid shows a direct activating effect salt Channel; on the release of DA from dopaminergic terminals. Neuronal Signaling HY-14617 Paradol COX Immunology/ Paradol is a pungent phenolic substance found in ginger and other 27113-22-0 Inflanimation Zingiberaceae plants. Paradol is an effective inhibitor of tumor promotion in mouse skin carcinogenesis, binds to cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 active site. HY-14621 Zingerone NF-κB NF-κB Zingerone (Vanillylacetone) is a nontoxic methoxyphenol isolated from 122-48-5 Zingiber officinale, with potent anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antilipolytic, antidiarrhoeic, antispasmodic and anti-tumor properties. Zingerone alleviates oxidative stress and inflammation, down-regulates NF-κB mediated signaling pathways. Zingerone acts as an anti-mitotic agent, and inhibits the growth of neuroblastoma cells. HY-15337 Hesperidin Autophagy; Autophagy; Hesperidin (HP) is a bioflavonoid that plays a role in plant defense and is 520-26-3 Endogenous Immunology/ abundant in citrus species, such as grapefruit, lemon and orange. Metabolite; Inflanimation; Hesperidin is used effectively as a supplemental agent in complementary Reactive Metabolic therapy protocols, since it possesses biological and pharmacological Oxygen Enzyme/Protease; properties as an effective antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti- Species NF-κB carcinogenic, and anti-hypertensive agent with lipid-lowering activity IC50: hesperidin (IC50 = 116.68 μmo/L)) in vitro: hesperidin and linarin are two of the main constituent of Valeriana's extract exhibiting a high affinity to KATP channel, which are related to the control of Ca++ concentration and release of GABA in synaptic nerve terminal, mainly on cells of SN in vivo: Hesperidin was dissolved in 1% carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and administered orally at a dose of 50 mg/kg for 10 consecutive days. In the control group, rats were treated with the corn oil and 1% CMC vehicle. HY-15398 Cholecalciferol Endogenous Metabolic Cholecalciferol(Vitamin D3) is a naturally occuring form of vitamin D; 67-97-0 Metabolite; Enzyme/Protease; Reported that upon metabolic activation, Cholecalciferol induces cell VD/VDR Vitamin D differentiation and prevents proliferation of cancer cells. Related IC50 value: Target: Vitamin D acts through a receptor that is a member of the ligand- dependent transcription factor superfamily. Modulates the proliferation and differentiation of both normal and cancer cells. Has antiproliferative and antimetastatic effects on breast, colon, and prostate cancer cells. Activated vitamin D receptors in intestine and bone maintain calcium absorbance and homeostasis. HY-16637 Folic acid DNA/RNA Cell Cycle/DNA Folic acid(Vitamin M; Vitamin B9) is a B vitamin; is necessary for the 59-30-3 Synthesis; Damage; production and maintenance of new cells, for DNA synthesis and RNA Endogenous Metabolic synthesis. Metabolite Enzyme/Protease HY-17568 Nonivamide TRP Channel Membrane Nonivamide is a <b<TRPV1 agonist, which exhibits 4d-EC50 value of 2444-46-4 Transporter/Ion 5.1 mg/L in static toxicity tests. Channel; Neuronal Signaling HY-22167 Methyl 2- Others Others Methyl 2-hydroxy-4-methylvalemte is one of dominant volatile 40348-72-9 hydroxy-4- compounds in Zhenjiang aromatic vinegar. Methyl 2-hydroxy-4- methylvalemte methylvalemte is used for charting flavour biosynthesis networks of vinegar microbiota. HY-23539 Sodium thiosulfate (pentahydrate) HY-33518 2- Pyridinemethanethiol HY-34439 2,5- Endogenous Metabolic 2,5-Dimethylpymzine is an endogenous metabolite. 123-32-0 Dimethylpymzine Metabolite Enzyme/Protease HY-34465 5-Methyl-2- Others Others 5-Methyl-2-thiophenecarboxaldehyde acts as a candidate to microscopic 13679-70-4 thiophenecarboxaldehyde third order non-linear optical (NLO) material. HY-34544 2- 18794-77-9 Hexylthiophene HY-34751 2- 636-72-6 Thiophenemethanol HY-40135 L- Endogenous Metabolic L-Hydroxyproline, one of the hydroxyproline (Hyp) isomers, is a useful 51-35-4 Hydroxyproline Metabolite Enzyme/Protease chiral building block in the production of many pharmaceuticals. HY-41417 Octanoic acid Endogenous Metabolic Octanoic acid is an oily liquid with a slightly unpleasant rancid taste and 124-07-2 Metabolite Enzyme/Protease used commercially in the production of esters used in perfumery and also in the manufacture of dyes. HY-41587 Peracetylated 83-87-4 D-glucose HY-42680 (3S,4S,5R)- Endogenous Metabolic (3S,4S,5R)-1,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexan-2-one is an endogenous 87-81-0 1,3,4,5,6- Metabolite Enzyme/Protease metabolite. Pentahydroxyhexan- 2-one HY-75161 (−)-Menthol Endogenous Membrane (−)-Menthol is a key component of peppermint oil that binds and activates 2216-51-5 Metabolite; Transporter/Ion transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8), a Ca2+-permeable TRP Channel Channel; nonselective cation channel, to increase [Ca2+]i. Antitumor activity. Metabolic Enzyme/Protease; Neuronal Signaling HY-76063 Methyl 101-41-7 phenylacetate HY-76225 Monoammonium Others Others Monoammonium glycyrrhizinate hydrate has various pharmacological 53956-04-0 glycyrrhizinate actions such as anti-inflammatory, antiallergic, antigastriculcer, and hydrate antihepatitis activities. HY-76542 Vitamin D2 Endogenous Metabolic Vitamin D2 (Ergocalciferol) is a form of vitamin D, used as a vitamin D 50-14-6 Metabolite; Enzyme/Protease; supplement. VD/VDR Vitamin D Target: Related Ergocalciferol is a secosteroid formed by a photochemical bond breaking of a steroid, specifically, by the action of ultraviolet light on ergosterol. HY-77342 Methyl 134-20-3 anthranilate HY-77813 Benzyl Antibiotic; Anti-infection; Benzyl isothiocyanate is a member of natural isothiocyanates with 622-78-6 isothiocyanate Apoptosis; Apoptosis antimicrobial activity. Benzyl isothiocyanate potent inhibits cell mobility, Bacterial migration and invasion nature and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) activity of murine melanoma cells. HY-77995 o-Anisaldehyde 135-02-4 HY-79369 Succinic 108-30-5 anhydride HY-A0100 Thiamine Others Others Thiamine monochloride (Vitamin B1) is an essential vitamin that plays an 59-43-8 monochloride important role in cellular production of energy from ingested food and enhances normal neuronal actives. HY-A0104 Hypromellose Others Others Hypromellose is a water-soluble hydrophilic, non-ionic cellulose ether 9004-65-3 used to form swellable-soluble matrices. HY-B0133 Natamycin Antibiotic; Anti-infection; Natamycin (pimaricin) is an antifungal macrolide polyene that binds to 7681-93-8 Endogenous Metabolic cell membrane sterols. Metabolite; Enzyme/Protease Target: Antifungal Fungal Natamycin (INN), also known as pimaricin and sometimes sold as Natacyn, is a naturally occurring antifungal agent produced during fermentation by the bacterium Streptomyces natalensis, commonly found in soil Natamycin has a very low solubility in water; however, natamycin is effective at very low levels. There is an MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) of less than 10 ppm for most molds. Natamycin is classified as a macrolide polyene antifungal and, as a drug, is used to treat fungal keratitis. It is especially effective against Aspergillus and Fusarium corneal infections. Other common members of the polyene macrolide antifungal family are amphotericin B, nystatin, and filipin. Natamycin is also used in the food industry as a natural preservative. Natamycin is used to treat fungal infections, including Candida, Aspergillus, Cephalosporium, Fusarium and Penicillium. It is applied as a cream, in eyedrops, or (for oral infections) in a lozenge. Natamycin shows negligible absorption into the body when administered in these ways. When taken orally, little or none is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, making it inappropriate for systemic infections. HY-B0143 Niacin Autophagy; Autophagy; Niacin (Vitamin B3) is a water-soluble vitamin and is part of the vitamin 59-67-6 Endogenous Metabolic B group. Metabolite Enzyme/Protease Target: Others Niacin (also known as vitamin B3 and nicotinic acid) is an organic compound with the formula C6H5NO2 and, depending on the definition used, one of the 20 to 80 essential human nutrients. Not enough niacin in the diet can cause nausea, skin and mouth lesions, anemia, headaches, and tiredness. Chronic Niacin deficiency leads to a disease called pellagra. The lack of niacin may also be observed in pandemic deficiency disease which is caused by a lack of five crucial vitamins. niacin,vitamin C, thiamin, vitamin D and vitamin A, and is usually found in areas of widespread poverty and malnutrition. Niacin has been used for over 50 years to increase levels of HDL in the blood and has been found to decrease the risk of cardiovascular events modestly in a number of controlled human trials. Niacin cannot be directly converted to nicotinamide, but both compounds could be converted to and are precursors of NAD and NADP in vivo.Nicotinic acid, nicotinamide, and tryptophan (via quinoline acid) are co-factors for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP). NAD converts to NADP by phosphorylation in the presence of the enzyme NAD + kinase NADP and NAD are coenzyme for many dehydrogenases, participating in many hydrogen transfer processes. NAD is important in catabolism of fat, carbohydrate, protein, and alcohol, as well as cell signaling and DNA repair, and NADP mostly in anabolism reactions such as fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis.High energy requirements (brain) or high turnover rate (gut, skin) organs are usually the most susceptible to their deficiency. HY-B0150 Nicotinamide Endogenous Cell Cycle/DNA Nicotinamide is a form of vitamin B3 that plays essential roles in cell 98-92-0 Metabolite; Damage; physiology through facilitating NAD+ redox homeostasis and providing Sirtuin Epigenetics; NAD+ as a substrate to a class of enzymes that catalyze non-redox Metabolic reactions. Nicotinamide is an inhibitor of SIRT1. Enzyme/Protease HY-B0166 L-Ascorbic acid Apoptosis; Apoptosis; L-Ascorbic acid is an effective reducing agent and donor antioxidant. 50-81-7 Reactive Immunology/ Oxygen Inflanimation; Species Metabolic Enzyme/Protease; NF-κB HY-B0166A L-Ascorbic acid Apoptosis; Apoptosis; L-Ascorbic acid sodium salt is a more bioavailable form of vitamin C that 134-03-2 sodium salt Reactive Immunology/ is an antioxidant agent. Oxygen Inflanimation; Species Metabolic Enzyme/Protease; NF-κB HY-B0167 Salicylic acid Apoptosis; Apoptosis; Salicylic acid (2-Hydroxybenzoic acid) inhibits cyclo-oxygenase-2 69-72-7 Autophagy; Autophagy; (COX-2) activity independently of transcription factor (NF-κB) COX; Immunology/ activation. Endogenous Inflanimation; Metabolite; Metabolic Mitophagy Enzyme/Protease HY-B0302 Etidronic acid Apoptosis Apoptosis Etidronic acid (HEDPA) is a bisphosphonate used in detergents, water 2809-21-4 treatment, cosmetics and pharmaceutical treatment. Target: Others Etidronic acid (HEDPA) is a chelating agent and may be added to bind to or counter the effects of substances such as iron, or other metal ions that can occur in the presence of some soaps. Etidronic acid also acts to retard oxidation of fatty acids. For clarification, a chelator, or chelating agent is a binding component added to many cosmetics, beauty products, and water softeners to form multiple bonds with a single metal ion and neutralize it. HY-B0314 Talc Others Others Talc, a naturally occurring mineral composed primarily of magnesium, 14807-96-6 silicon and oxygen, is used in many cosmetics, from baby powder to blush. HY-B0315 Vitamin B12 Endogenous Metabolic Vitamin B12 is a water soluble vitamin with a key role in the normal 68-19-9 Metabolite Enzyme/Protease functioning of the brain and nervous system, and for the formation of blood. HY-B0342 Meglumine Others Others Meglumine is an amino sugar derived from sorbitol. 6284-40-8 Target: Others Meglumine is often used as an excipient in pharmaceuticals and in conjunction with iodinated compounds in contrast media such as diatrizoate meglumine and iodipamide meglumine. HY-B0351 Taurine Autophagy; Autophagy; Taurine is an organic acid widely distributed in animal tissues. 107-35-7 Endogenous Metabolic Target: Others Metabolite Enzyme/Protease Taurine is a major constituent of bile and can be found in the large intestine and accounts for approximately 0.1% of total human body weight. Taurine is present in high concentration in algae and in the animals including insects and arthropods, but is generally absent or present in traces in the bacterial and plant kingdoms. In cardiac tissue alone, taurine levels of 20 mM or higher may be found. Taurine availability protects against cholestasis induced by monohydroxy bile acids remains confined to guinea pigs. Oral supplementation of taurine results in increased plasma taurine concentrations and is associated with normalization of left ventricular function in both groups of cats. Myocardial concentrations of taurine are directly related to plasma concentrations and low plasma concentrations are found to be associated with myocardial failure in cats, proposing a direct link occurs between decreased taurine concentration in the myocardium and decreased myocardial mechanical function. HY-B0361 Aspartame Others Others Aspartame (SC-18862) is an artificial, non-saccharide sweetener used as 22839-47-0 a sugar substitute in some foods and beverages. HY-B0389 Dextrose Endogenous Metabolic Dextrose, a simple sugar (monosaccharide), is an important carbohydrate 50-99-7 Metabolite Enzyme/Protease in biology. Target: Others Dextrose(D-glucose), a simple sugar (monosaccharide), is an important carbohydrate in biology. HY-B0399 L-Carnitine Endogenous Metabolic L-carnitine (Levocarnitine) is constituent of striated muscle and liver. It 541-15-1 Metabolite Enzyme/Protease is used therapeutically to stimulate gastric and pancreatic secretions and in the treatment of hyperlipoproteinemias. Target: Others L-carnitine (Levocarnitine) is an endogenous molecule involved in fatty acid metabolism, biosynthesized within the human body using amino acids: L-lysine and L-methionine, as substrates. L-carnitine (Levocarnitine) can also be found in many foods, but red meats, such as beef and lamb, are the best choices for adding carnitine into the diet. Administering L-carnitine (510 mg/day) to patients with the disease. L-carnitine (Levocarnitine) treatment significantly improved the total time for dozing off during the daytime, calculated from the sleep logs, compared with that of placebo-treated periods. L-carnitine (Levocarnitine) efficiently increased serum acylcarnitine levels, and reduced serum triglycerides concentration. L-carnitine (Levocarnitine) and its derivatives show promise in the treatment of chronic conditions and diseases associated with mitochondrial dysfunction but further translational studies are needed to fully explore their potential. HY-B0400 D-Sorbitol Endogenous Metabolic D-Sothitol is a sugar alcohol that is commonly used as a sugar substitute. 50-70-4 Metabolite Enzyme/Protease Target: Others D-Sothitol occurs naturally and is also produced synthetically from glucose. The food industry uses D-sothitol as an additive in the form of a sweetener, humectant, emulsifier, thickener, or dietary supplement. D - Sorbitol has also been found in cosmetics, paper, and pharmaceuticals. Naturally, D-sorbitol occurs widely in plants via photosynthesis, ranging from algae to higher order fruits of the family Rosaceae. From Wikipedia. HY-B0430A D-Pantothenic Apoptosis Apoptosis D-Pantothenic acid sodium (Sodium pantothenate) is an essential trace 867-81-2 acid (sodium) nutrient that functions as the obligate precursor of coenzyme A (CoA). D- Pantothenic acid sodium plays key roles in myriad biological processes, including many that regulate carbohydrate, lipid, protein, and nucleic acid metabolism. HY-B0456 Riboflavin Endogenous Metabolic Riboflavin is an easily absorbed micronutrient with a key role in 83-88-5 Metabolite Enzyme/Protease maintaining health in humans and other animals Target: Others Riboflavin (vitamin B2) is the direct precursor of redox enzyme cofactors flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), which are essential for multiple cell physiology. Urinary excretion of riboflavin contributes to one-half of the overall removal of riboflavin from plasma. No sex differences were observed for any of the pharmacokinetic variables (P > 0.05). Riboflavin, similar to other vitamins of the B complex, presents anti-inflammatory activity but its full characterization has not yet been carried out. Riboflavin (25, 50 or 100 mg/kg, i.p.), administered immediately and 2 h after the injection of carrageenan, induced antiedema and antinociceptive effects. The antinociceptive effect was not inhibited by the pretreatment with cadmium sulfate (1 mg/kg), an inhibitor of flavokinase Riboflavin (50 or 100 mg/kg, i.p., 0 and 2 h) also inhibited the fever induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in rats. Riboflavin is a safe drug, is approved for clinical use and exacerbates the antinociceptive effect of morphine, may warrant clinical trials to assess its potential in the treatment of different painful or inflammatory conditions. HY-B0511 Biotin Others Others Biotin is an enzyme co-factor present in minute amounts in every living 58-85-5 cell. Target: Others Biotin is necessary for cell growth, the production of fatty acids, and the metabolism of fats and amino acids. It plays a role in the citric acid cycle, which is the process by which biochemical energy is generated during aerobic respiration. Biotin is a coenzyme for carboxylase enzymes, involved in the synthesis of fatty acids, isoleucine, and valine, and in gluconeogenesis. In addition, biotin is widely used throughout the biotechnology industry to conjugate proteins for biochemical assays. The dietary biotin intake in Western populations has been estimated to be 35 to 70 microg/d (143-287 nmol/d). Recent studies suggest that humans absorb biotin nearly completely. Conditions that may increase biotin requirements in humans include pregnancy, lactation, and therapy with anticonvulsants or lipoic acid. HY-B0647 Butylphthalide Others Others Butylphthalide(3-n-Butylphthalide) is an anti-cerebral-ischemia drug; 6066-49-5 first isolated from the seeds of celery, showed efficacy in animal models of stroke. IC50 value: Target: 3-n-butylphthalide alleviates oxidative stress caused by chronic cerebral ischemia, improves cholinergic function, and inhibits amyloid beta accumulation, thereby improving cerebral neuronal injury and cognitive deficits. Intragastric NBP administration to 4-month-old SAMP8 mice for 2 months significantly improved spatial learning and memory ability. Moreover, the loss of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)-positive neurons in the medial septal nucleus and the vertical limb of the diagonal band in SAMP8 mice was slowed down, as was the decline in the protein and mRNA expression of ChAT in the hippocampus, cerebral cortex, and forebrain. HY-B0717 Tocofersolan Others Others Tocofersolan is a synthetic polyethylene glycol derivative of α- 9002-96-4 tocopherol. HY-B0892 Benzyl alcohol Others Others Benzyl alcohol is an aromatic alcohol; a colorless liquid with a mild 100-51-6 pleasant aromatic odor. HY-B0896 Triacetin Endogenous Anti-infection; Triacetin is an artificial chemical compound, is the triester of glycerol and 102-76-1 Metabolite; Metabolic acetic acid, and is the second simplest fat after triformin. Fungal Enzyme/Protease HY-B0914 10-Undecenoic Antibiotic; Anti-infection; 10-Undecenoic acid was used as a starting reagent in the syntheses of 112-38-9 acid Endogenous Metabolic Pheromone (11Z)-hexadecenal. Metabolite; Enzyme/Protease Fungal HY-B0934 Ethylparaben Bacterial Anti-infection Ethylparaben is the ethyl ester of p-hydroxybenzoic acid, used as an 120-47-8 antifungal preservative, and food additive HY-B0935 Benzyl Parasite Anti-infection Benzyl benzoate is used for treatment of paediatric scabies. 120-51-4 benzoate HY-B0940 Ethylvanillin Others Others Ethylvanillin is a flavomnt, about three times as potent as vanillin and is 121-32-4 used in the production of chocolate. HY-B0964 Riboflavin Endogenous Metabolic Riboflavin phosphate sodium significantly increases in corneal 130-40-5 (phosphate Metabolite Enzyme/Protease biomechanical stiffness sodium) HY-B0985 Phenazopyridine Others Others Phenazopyridine hydrochloride is a chemical, which has a local analgesic 136-40-3 (hydrochloride) effect, often used to alleviate the pain, irritation, discomfort, or urgency caused by urinary tract infections, surgery, or injury to the urinary tract. HY-B0987 Ascorbyl Endogenous Immunology/ Ascorbyl palmitate is an ester formed from ascorbic acid and palmitic acid 137-66-6 palmitate Metabolite; Inflanimation; creating a fat-soluble form of vitamin C, it is also used as an antioxidant Reactive Metabolic food additive. Oxygen Enzyme/Protease; Species NF-κB HY-B1008 4- Endogenous Metabolic 4-Aminobenzoic acid is an intermediate in the synthesis of folate by 150-13-0 Aminobenzoic Metabolite Enzyme/Protease bacteria, plants, and fungi. acid HY-B1066 Butylhydroxyanisole Ferroptosis; Apoptosis; Butylhydroxyanisole is an antioxidant, consisting of a mixture of two 25013-16-5 Reactive Immunology/ isomeric organic compounds, used as a food additive preservative Oxygen Inflanimation; Species Metabolic Enzyme/Protease; NF-κB HY-B1092 Gluconate Others Others Gluconate Calcium (Calcium D-gluconate) is a mineral supplement, 299-28-5 (Calcium) manufactured by the neutralization of gluconic acid with lime or calcium carbonate. HY-B1092A Gluconate Endogenous Metabolic Gluconate sodium (D-Gluconic acid sodium salt) is a corrosion and scale 527-07-1 (sodium) Metabolite Enzyme/Protease inhibitor of ordinary steel in simulated cooling water. HY-B1131 Taurocholic Endogenous Metabolic Taurocholic acid sodium salt hydrate (Sodium taurocholate hydrate) is a 345909-26-4 acid (sodium Metabolite Enzyme/Protease bile acid involved in the emulsification of fats. salt hydrate) HY-B1173 (+)-Camphor Bacterial Anti-infection (+)-Camphor is an ingredient in cooking, and as an embalming fluid for 464-49-3 medicinal purposes, HY-B1211 Dehydroacetic Bacterial; Anti-infection Dehydroacetic acid (Biocide 470F), a pyrone derivative acts as an 520-45-6 acid Fungal antibacterial and antifungal agent. Dehydroacetic acid possess phytotoxic activity. HY-B1263 Chlorobutanol Bacterial; Anti-infection Chlorobutanol is a pharmaceutical preservative with sedative-hypnotic 57-15-8 Fungal actions. Chlorobutanol is active against a wide variety of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and several mold spores and fungi. HY-B1268 Docusate HSV Anti-infection Docusate Sodium (Dioctyl sulfosuccinate sodium salt) is a laxative used 577-11-7 (Sodium) to for the research of constipation, for constipation due to the use of opiates it may be used with a stimulant laxative, can be taken by mouth or rectally. HY-B1278 D-α- Endogenous Metabolic D-α-Tocopherol acetate (D-Vitamin E acetate) can be hydrolyzed to d- 58-95-7 Tocopherol Metabolite Enzyme/Protease alpha-tocopherol (VE) and absorbed in the small intestine. acetate HY-B1289 Cetylpyridinium Bacterial Anti-infection Cetylpyridinium chloride monohydrate is a cationic quaternary 6004-24-6 (chloride ammonium compound, used in some types of mouthwashes, toothpastes, monohydrate) throat and nasal sprays, is an antiseptic that kills bacteria and other microorganisms, effective in preventing dental plaque and reducing gingivitis. HY-B1337 Choline Others Others Choline chloride is an organic compound and a quaternary ammonium 67-48-1 (chloride) salt, an acyl group acceptor and choline acetyltransferase substrate, also is an important additive in feed especially for chickens where it accelerates growth. HY-B1342 Vitamin A Endogenous Metabolic Retinol, also known as Vitamin A1, has pleiotropic functions including 68-26-8 Metabolite Enzyme/Protease vison, immunity, hematopoiesis, reproduction, cell differentiation/growth, and development. HY-B1384 Retinyl Endogenous Metabolic Retinyl palmitate is an ester of Retinol and is the major form of vitamin 79-81-2 palmitate Metabolite Enzyme/Protease A found in the epidermis. Retinyl palmitate has been widely used in pharmaceutical and cosmetic formulations. HY-B1389 Lactitol Others Others Lactitol monohydrate is a disaccharide analogue of lactulose. It has been 81025-04-9 (monohydrate) widely used in the treatment of constipation & hepatic encephalopathy. Lactitol is sugar alcohol used as replacement sweeteners. HY-B1391 D-Panthenol Endogenous Metabolic D-Panthenol is the biologically-active alcohol of pantothenic acid, which 81-13-0 Metabolite Enzyme/Protease leads to an elevation in the amount of coenzyme A in the cell. HY-B1411 i-Inositol Endogenous Metabolic i-Inositol is a chemical compound, associated lipids are found in many 87-89-8 Metabolite Enzyme/Protease foods, in particular fruit, especially cantaloupe and oranges. HY-B1425 Ethoxyquin HSP; Reactive Cell Cycle/DNA Ethoxyquin is an antioxidant which has been used in animal feed for many 91-53-2 Oxygen Damage; years and also an inhibitor of heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90). Species Immunology/ Inflanimation; Metabolic Enzyme/Protease; NF-κB HY-B1431 Butylparaben Bacterial; Anti-infection; Butylparaben is an organic compound, has proven to be a highly 94-26-8 Endogenous Metabolic successful antimicrobial preservative in cosmetics, also used in Metabolite Enzyme/Protease medication suspensions, and as a flavoring additive in food. HY-B1465 1-Hexadecanol Endogenous Metabolic 1-Hexadecanol is a fatty alcohol, a lipophilic substrate. 36653-82-4 Metabolite Enzyme/Protease HY-B1521 Aluminum Others Others Aluminum Hydroxide is an orally active main form of aluminum used as 21645-51-2 Hydroxide adjuvant. Aluminum hydroxide-based adjuvant researches including the repository effect, pro-phagocytic effect, and activation of the pro- inflammatory NLRP3 pathway. Aluminum Hydroxide also acts as adjuvant to compensate low inherent immunogenicity of subunit vaccines. HY-B1550 Benzoin 119-53-9 HY-B1610 Sodium citrate Bacterial Anti-infection Sodium citrate dehydrate is an anticoagulant and also used as a buffer and 6132-04-3 (dihydrate) food preservatives. HY-B1620 Polyvinylpyrrolidone Others Others Polyvinylpyrrolidone is a compound which has been widely tested and 9003-39-8 used in human and veterinary medicine as an effective wound healing accelerator and disinfectant when combined with iodine and other compounds. HY-B1645 Ferric 1185-57-5 Ammonium Citrate HY-B1651 Iron(II) Others Others Iron(II) fumarate (Ferrous fumarate) is the iron (II) salt of fumaric acid. 141-01-5 fumarate Iron(II) fumarate is an orally active dietary supplement and has the potential for iron deficiency anemia treatment. HY-B1659 Glycerol Endogenous Metabolic Glycerol is a clear, colourless, viscous, sweet-tasting liquid. Glycerol is 56-81-5 Metabolite Enzyme/Protease used in sample preparation and gel formation for polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. HY-B1673 Pharmatose Endogenous Metabolic Pharmatose DCL 14 is an endogenous metabolite. 64044-51-5 DCL 14 Metabolite Enzyme/Protease HY-B1695 Methyl Others Others Methyl nicotinate, the methyl ester of Niacin found in alcoholic 93-60-7 nicotinate beverages, that is used as an active ingredient as a rubefacient in over-the- counter topical prepamtions indicated for muscle and joint pain. HY-B1731 Phenyl 118-55-8 Salicylate HY-B1732 DL-3- 150-30-1 Phenylalanine HY-B1779 Sucrose Endogenous Metabolic Sucrose is a disaccharide which is composed of two monosaccharides, 57-50-1 Metabolite Enzyme/Protease glucose and fructose. HY-B1804 Tricaprilin Endogenous Metabolic Tricaprilin (Trioctanoin) is used in study for patients with mild to 538-23-8 Metabolite Enzyme/Protease moderate Alzheimer's disease and has a role as an anticonvulsant and a plant metabolite. HY-B1812 1,2- Others Others 1,2-Dimethoxybenzene is an naturally occurring insect attractant. 91-16-7 Dimethoxybenzene HY-B1960 Canthaxanthin Reactive Immunology/ Canthaxanthin is a red-orange carotenoid with various biological 514-78-3 Oxygen Inflanimation; activities, such as antioxidant, antitumor properties. Species Metabolic Enzyme/Protease; NF-κB HY-B2118 Pancreatin Others Others Pancreatin is the porcine pancreas extract (PPE) which contains the main 8049-47-6 pancreatic digestive enzymes. HY-B2122 Maltitol Others Others Maltitol is a sugar alcohol used as a sugar substitute. It has 75-90% of the 585-88-6 sweetness of sucrose (table sugar) and nearly identical properties. Maltitol may also be used as a plasticizer in gelatin capsules, as an emollient, and as a humectant. HY-B2123 Lactose Endogenous Metabolic Lactose, a major sugar in the milk of most species, could regulate human's 63-42-3 Metabolite Enzyme/Protease intestinal microflora. HY-B2136 Tannic acid Potassium Membrane Tannic acid is a novel hERG channel blocker with IC50 of 3.4 μM. 1401-55-4 Channel Transporter/Ion Channel HY-B2163 Astaxanthin PPAR; Cell Cycle/DNA Astaxanthin, a red dietary carotenoid isolated from Haematococcus 472-61-7 Reactive Damage; pluvialis, is a modulator of PPARγ and a potent antioxidant with Oxygen Immunology/ antiproliferative, neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory activity. Species Inflanimation; Astaxanthin has potential in the study of various diseases, such as cancers Metabolic and Parkinson's disease, cardiovascular disease. Due to its bright red Enzyme/Protease; colour, Astaxanthin could be used as a food colorant in animal feeds. NF-κB HY-B2200 Calcium citrate 5785-44-4 tetmhydrate HY-B2201 Trisodium 68-04-2 citrate HY-B2203 Calcium 27214-00-2 glycerol phosphate HY-B2205 Magnesium 1343-88-0 silicate HY-B2217 Calcium 1305-62-0 hydroxide HY-B2218 Magnesium 1309-42-8 hydroxide HY-B2219 Stearic acid Endogenous Metabolic Stearic acid is a long chain dietary saturated fatty acid which exists in 57-11-4 Metabolite Enzyme/Protease many animal and vegetable fats and oils. HY-B2221 Cellulose 9004-34-6 HY-B2221B Hydroxyethyl Others Others Hydroxyethyl cellulose is a non-ionic, water soluble, modified cellulose 9004-62-0 cellulose polymer used as a thickening agent for aqueous cosmetic and personal care formulations. HY-B2223 Thiamine Others Others Thiamine nitrate is an essential vitamin which can enhance normal 532-43-4 nitrate neuronal actives. HY-B2225 Starch 9005-25-8 HY-B2226 Sodium copper HIV; Anti-infection Sodium copper chlorophyllin B exerts antiviral activities against 28302-36-5 chlorophyllin B Influenza Influenza virus and HIV with IC50s of 50 to 100 μM for both of them. Virus HY-B2227A Calcium lactate 814-80-2 HY-B2228 Proteinase Others Others Proteinase refers to the enzymes with proteolytic activity. 9001-92-7 HY-B2232 Benzalkonium Bacterial Anti-infection Benzalkonium chloride is a potent anti-microbial agent, used as a 8001-54-5 (chloride) preservative in eye drops. HY-B2235 Lecithin Endogenous Metabolic Lecithin is regarded as a safe, conventional phospholipid source. 8002-43-5 Metabolite Enzyme/Protease Phospholipids are reported to alter the fatty acid composition and microstructure of the membranes in animal cells. HY-B2237 Lysozyme from Bacterial Anti-infection Lysozyme from chicken egg white is a bactericidal enzyme present in 12650-88-3 chicken egg chicken eggs, and it lyses gram-positive bacteria. white IC50 & Target: Bacteria In vitro: Lysozyme is an ubiquitous enzyme. The hen egg is the most abundant source of lysozyme, which constitutes approximately 3.4% of the albumen proteins. Lysozyme is a natural antimicrobial that hydrolyzes the β(1-4) glycosidic linkage between N-acetylmuramic acid and N- acetylglucosamine found in the peptidoglycan layer of the bacterial cell wall and causing cell lysis. The bactericidal effect of lysozyme is primarily limited to gram-positive bacteria, including pathogens such as Listeria monocytogenes and certain Clostridium species as well as some spoilage organisms, including thermophilic spore-forming bacteria and certain yeasts. The gram-negative bacteria are more resistant to lysozyme action because of their complex cell wall structure. HY-B2241 Aluminum 7784-24-9 potassium disulfate dodecahydrate HY-B2242 Calcium 7757-93-9 phosphate HY-B2243 Dihydrogen 7558-80-7 monosodium phosphate HY-D0195 Acesulfame 55589-62-3 (potassium) HY-D0227 Trometamol Others Others Trometamol is a biologically inert amino alcohol of low toxicity, which 77-86-1 buffers carbon dioxide and acids in vitro and in vivo. Trometamol is an effective amine compound for pH control in the physiological range. HY-D0249 Sunset Yellow Others Others Sunset Yellow FCF is a petroleum-derived orange azo dye with a pH 2783-94-0 FCF dependent maximum absorption at about 480 nm at pH 1 and 443 nm at pH 13. Sunset Yellow is used in food, cosmetics, and drugs. HY-D0257 Tartrazine Others Others Tartrazine is a synthetic lemon yellow azo dye primarily used as a food 1934-21-0 coloring. Tartrazine is water-soluble and has a maximum absorbance in an aqueous solution at 425 nm. HY-D0259 Erythrosine B Others Others Erythrosine B is an artificial dye widely used in the food and textile 16423-68-0 industries. Erythrosine B is also a novel photosensitizer which has been used to develop animal models. HY-D0307A Amaranth Others Others Amaranth is a dark red to purple azo dye used as a food dye and to color 915-67-3 cosmetics. Amaranth is an anionic dye. It can be applied to natural and synthetic fibers, leather, paper, and phenol-formaldehyde resins. HY-D0833 Calcium 7758-87-4 orthophosphate HY-D0835 Hydroxylapatite HY-D0887 Disodium 5′- Others Others Disodium 5′-inosinate, obtained from bacterial fermentation of sugars, is 4691-65-0 inosinate as a food additive and often found in a variety of other snacks. HY-D0914 Fast Green FCF Others Others Fast Green FCF is a sea green triarylmethane food dye. Fast Green FCF 2353-45-9 is used as a quantitative stain for histones at alkaline pH after acid extraction of DNA. It is also used as a protein stain in electrophoresis. Its absorption maximum is at 625 nm. HY-D0915 Brilliant Blue Others Others Brilliant Blue FCF has the appearance of a reddish-blue powder. It is 3844-45-9 FCF soluble in water, and the solution has a maximum absorption at about 628 nanometers. It is a synthetic dye produced using aromatic hydrocarbons from petroleum, is a colorant for foods and other substances. HY-D1005 Poloxamer 407 Others Others Poloxamer 407 is a nonionic surfactant that is 100% active and relatively 9003-11-6 non-toxic to cells at low concentrations, and frequently used with dye AM esters such as Indo-1 AM, Fura-2 AM, Calcein AM, Fluo-3 AM, Fluo-4 AM, Quest Fluo-8? AM and Quest Rhod-4? AM, etc. to improve their water solubility. HY-D1005A Poloxamer 188 Others Others Poloxamer 188 is a nonionic linear copolymer with surfactant properties. 691397-13-4 Poloxamer 188 exhibits anti-thrombotic, anti-inflammatory, and cytoprotective activities in various tissue injury models. HY-ER013 Sodium 497-19-8 carbonate HY-I0301 D-(+)-Glucono- Endogenous Immunology/ D-(+)-Glucono-1,5-lactone is a polyhydroxy (PHA) that is capable of 90-80-2 1,5-lactone Metabolite; Inflanimation; metal chelating, moisturizing and antioxidant activity. Reactive Metabolic Oxygen Enzyme/Protease; Species NF-κB HY-I0501 2′- Bacterial Anti-infection 2′-Aminoacetophenone is an aromatic compound containing a ketone 551-93-9 Aminoacetophe substituted by one alkyl group, and a phenyl group. 2′- none Aminoacetophenone can be used as a breath biomarker for the detection of Ps. Aeruginosa infections in the cystic fibrosis lung. HY-N0060A Ferulic acid Endogenous Immunology/ Ferulic acid sodium is a novel fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 24276-84-4 (sodium) Metabolite; Inflanimation; (FGFR1) inhibitor with IC50s of 3.78 and 12.5 μM for FGFR1 and FGFR; Metabolic FGFR2, respectively. Reactive Enzyme/Protease; Oxygen NF-κB; Protein Species Tyrosine Kinase/RTK HY-N0098 Vanillin Endogenous Metabolic Vanillin (p-Vanillin) is a single molecule extracted from vanilla beans and 121-33-5 Metabolite Enzyme/Protease also a popular odor used widely in perfume, food and medicine. HY-N0119 Naringin NF-κB NF-κB Naringin Dihydrochalcone is an artificial sweetener derived from 18916-17-1 Dihydrochalcone naringin. Naringin is a major flavanone glycoside obtained from tomatoes, grapefruits, and many other citrus fruits. Naringin exhibits biological properties such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic activities. Naringin suppresses NF-κB signaling pathway. HY-N0129 Sclareolide Bacterial Anti-infection Sclareolide is isolated from the flower of Salvia sclarea with antibacterial 564-20-5 and cytotoxic activities. HY-N0138 Theobromine Adenosine GPCR/G Protein; Theobromine is a methylxanthine found in cacao beans which can inhibit 83-67-0 Receptor; Metabolic adenosine receptor A1 (AR1) signaling Endogenous Enzyme/Protease Metabolite HY-N0142 Phloretin Endogenous Membrane Phloretin (NSC 407292; RJC 02792) is a flavonoid extracted from Prunus 60-82-2 Metabolite; Transporter/Ion mandshurica, has anti-inflammatory activities. Phloridzin is a specific, GLUT; SGLT Channel; competitive and orally active inhibitor of sodium/glucose cotransporters Metabolic in the intestine (SGLT1) and kidney (SGLT2). Phloretin inhibits Yeast- Enzyme/Protease made GLUT1 as well as Human erythrocyte GLUT1 with IC50 values of 49 μM and 61 μM, respectively. Phloretin has the potential for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA)?and allergic airway inflammation. HY-N0144 Piperine Autophagy; Autophagy; Piperine, a natural alkaloid isolated from Piper nigrum L, inhibits P- 94-62-2 Endogenous Membrane glycoprotein and CYP3A4 activities with an IC50 value of 61.94 ± 0.054 Metabolite; P- Transporter/Ion μg/mL in HeLa cell. glycoprotein Channel; Metabolic Enzyme/Protease HY-N0148 Rutin Autophagy; Anti-infection; Rutin, a naturally occurring flavonoid glycoside, has antioxidant, anti- 153-18-4 Endogenous Autophagy; inflammatory, anti-allergic, anti-angiogenic and antiviral properties. Metabolite; Immunology/ Influenza Inflanimation; Virus; Metabolic Reactive Enzyme/Protease; Oxygen NF-κB Species HY-N0154 Neohesperidin Reactive Immunology/ Neohesperidin dihydrochalcone is a synthetic glycoside chalcone, is 20702-77-6 dihydrochalcone Oxygen Inflanimation; added to various foods and beverages as a low caloric artificial sweetener. Species Metabolic Enzyme/Protease; NF-κB HY-N0163 Magnolol Autophagy; Anti-infection; Magnolol, a natural lignan isolated from the stem bark of Magnolia 528-43-8 Bacterial; Autophagy; Cell officinalis, is a dual agonist of both RXRα and PPARγ, with EC50 values PPAR; Cycle/DNA of 10.4 μM and 17.7 μM, respectively. RAR/RXR Damage; Metabolic Enzyme/Protease HY-N0168 Hesperetin Apoptosis; Apoptosis; Hesperetin is a natural flavanone, and acts as a potent and broad-spectrum 520-33-2 Autophagy; Autophagy; inhibitor against human UGT activity. Hesperetin induces apoptosis via p38 MAPK MAPK/ERK p38 MAPK activation. Pathway HY-N0184 Glycyrrhizic Virus Protease Anti-infection Glycyrrhizic acid is a triterpenoid saponinl, acting as a direct HMGB1 1405-86-3 acid antagonist, with anti-tumor, anti-diabetic activities. HY-N0198 Nordihydroguai Autophagy; Apoptosis; Nordihydroguaiaretic acid is a 5-lipoxygenase (5LOX) (IC50 = 8 μM) and 500-38-9 arctic acid Ferroptosis; Autophagy; tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Lipoxygenase Metabolic Enzyme/Protease HY-N0215 L- Calcium Membrane L-Phenylalanine ((S)-2-Amino-3-phenylpropionic acid) is an essential 63-91-2 Phenylalanine Channel; Transporter/Ion amino acid isolated from Escherichia coli. L-Phenylalanine is α2ϵ Endogenous Channel; subunit of voltage-dependent Ca+ channels antagonist with a Ki of 980 Metabolite; Metabolic nM. L-phenylalanine is a competitive antagonist for the glycine- and iGluR Enzyme/Protease; glutamate-binding sites of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) Neuronal (KB of 573 μM ) and non-NMDARs, respectively. L-Phenylalanine is Signaling widely used in the production of food flavors and pharmaceuticals. HY-N0216 Benzoic acid Bacterial; Anti-infection; Benzoic acid is an aromatic alcohol existing naturally in many plants and 65-85-0 Endogenous Metabolic is a common additive to food, drinks, cosmetics and other products. It acts Metabolite; Enzyme/Protease as preservatives through inhibiting both bacteria and fungi. Fungal HY-N0229 L-Alanine Endogenous Metabolic L-Alanine is a non-essential amino acid, involved in sugar and acid 56-41-7 Metabolite Enzyme/Protease metabolism, increases immunity, and provides energy for muscle tissue, brain, and central nervous system. HY-N0230 β-Alanine Endogenous Metabolic β-Alanine is a non-essential amino acid that is shown to be metabolized 107-95-9 Metabolite Enzyme/Protease into carnosine, which functions as an intracellular buffer. HY-N0264 Tetramethylpyrazine Apoptosis Apoptosis Tetramethylpyrazine (Ligustmzine), an alkylpymzine isolated from 1124-11-4 Ligusticum wallichii (Chuan Xiong), is present in french fries, bread, cooked meats, tea, cocoa, coffee, beer, spirits, peanuts, filberts, dairy products and soy products as fragrance and flavouring ingredienexhibits. Tetramethylpyrazine (Ligustrazine) also has potential nootropic and anti- inflammatory activities in rats. HY-N0287 Lycopene Reactive Immunology/ Lycopene is naturally occurring carotenoids found in tomato, tomato 502-65-8 Oxygen Inflanimation; products, and in other red fruits and vegetables; exhibits antioxidant Species Metabolic effects. Enzyme/Protease; NF-κB HY-N0294 Protocatechuic Others Others Protocatechuic acid is a phenolic compound which exhibits 99-50-3 acid neuroprotective effect. HY-N0324 Cholic acid Endogenous Metabolic Cholic acid is a major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually 81-25-4 Metabolite Enzyme/Protease conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion. HY-N0325 DL-Methionine 59-51-8 HY-N0326 L-Methionine Endogenous Metabolic L-Methionine is the L-isomer of Methionine, an essential amino acid for 63-68-3 Metabolite Enzyme/Protease human development. Methionine acts as a hepatoprotectant. HY-N0336 3- Parasite Anti-infection 3-Butylidenephthalide (Butylidenephthalide) is a phthalic anhydride 551-08-6 Butylidenephthalide derivative identified in Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort, and has larvicidal activity (LC50 of 1.56 mg/g for Spodoptera litum larvae). HY-N0337 Eugenol Apoptosis; Anti-infection; Eugenol is an essential oil found in cloves with antibacterial, anthelmintic 97-53-0 Bacterial; Apoptosis; and antioxidant activity. Eugenol is shown to inhibit lipid peroxidation. Ferroptosis; Immunology/ Parasite; Inflanimation; Reactive Metabolic Oxygen Enzyme/Protease; Species NF-κB HY-N0349 Methyl Paraben Bacterial; Anti-infection; Methyl Paraben, isolated from the barks of Tsuga dumosa the methyl ester 99-76-3 Endogenous Metabolic of p-hydroxybenzoic acid, is a standardized chemical allergen. Methyl Metabolite Enzyme/Protease Paraben is a stable, non-volatile compound used as an antimicrobial preservative in foods, drugs and cosmetics. The physiologic effect of Methyl Paraben is by means of increased histamine release, and cell- mediated immunity. HY-N0367 Trans-Anethole Endogenous Metabolic Trans-Anethole ((E)-Anethole), a phenylpropene derivative isolated from 4180-23-8 Metabolite Enzyme/Protease Pimpinella, shows estrogenic activity at lower concentrations and cytotoxic at higher concentrations in cancer cell lines. Trans-Anethole ((E)-Anethole) contributes a large component of the odor and flavor of anise and fennel, anise myrtle, liquorice, camphor, magnolia blossoms, and star anise. HY-N0368 Linalool Apoptosis; Apoptosis; Linalool is natural monoterpene in essential ohs of coriander, acts as a 78-70-6 Endogenous Membrane competitive antagonist of Nmethyl d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, with Metabolite; Transporter/Ion anti-tumor, anti-cardiotoxicity activity. Linalool is a PPARa ligand that iGluR Channel; reduces plasma TG levels and rewires the hepatic tmnscriptome and Metabolic plasma metabolome. Enzyme/Protease; Neuronal Signaling HY-N0378 D-Mannitol Apoptosis; Apoptosis; D-Mannitol is an osmotic diuretic agent and a weak renal vasodilator. 69-65-8 Endogenous Metabolic Target: Others Metabolite Enzyme/Protease D(−)Mannitol is a sugar alcohol that can be used as an inert osmotic control substance. The uptake and phosphorylation of d-mannitol is catalyzed by the mannitol-specific phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphotransferase systems (PTS) Mannitol can interact with neutrophils and monocytes. Experiments have shown that it is able to decrease neutrophil apoptosis in vitro. The compound has been used in studies as a stimulator of cecal microbial growth and cellulolytic activity in rabbits. It has been observed that mannitol can lower the fat digestibility and body fat accumulation in both normal and cecectomized rats, as well as upregulate monocyte HLA-DR, monocyte and neutrophil CD11b. Studies show that the mannitol operon is repressed by the transcription factor, mannitol operon repressor (MtIR) in Escherichia coli. HY-N0390 L-Glutamine Endogenous Apoptosis; L-Glutamine is a non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout 56-85-9 Metabolite; GPCR/G Protein; the body and is involved in gastrointestinal disorders. Ferroptosis; Metabolic Target: mGluR mGluR Enzyme/Protease; Glutamine (abbreviated as Gln or Q) is one of the 20 amino acids encoded Neuronal by the standard genetic code. It is not recognized as an essential amino Signaling acid, but may become conditionally essential in certain situations, including intensive athletic training or certain gastrointestinal disorders. Its side-chain is an amide formed by replacing the side-chain hydroxyl of glutamic acid with an amine functional group, making it the amide of glutamic acid. Its codons are CAA and CAG. In human blood, glutamine is the most abundant free amino acid, with a concentration of about 500- 900 μmol/L. Glutamine is synthesized by the enzyme glutamine synthetase from glutamate and ammonia. The most relevant glutamine-producing tissue is the muscle mass, accounting for about 90% of all glutamine synthesized. Glutamine is also released, in small amounts, by the lung and the brain. Although the liver is capable of relevant glutamine synthesis, its role in glutamine metabolism is more regulatory than producing, since the liver takes up large amounts of glutamine derived from the gut. The most eager consumers of glutamine are the cells of intestines, the kidney cells for the acid-base balance, activated immune cells, and manycancer cells. In respect to the last point mentioned, different glutamine analogues, such as DON, Azaserine or Acivicin, are tested as anticancer drugs. HY-N0394 L -Cystine Endogenous Apoptosis; L-Cystine is an amino acid and intracellular thiol, which plays a critical 56-89-3 Metabolite; Metabolic role in the regulation of cellular processes. Ferroptosis Enzyme/Protease HY-N0411 β-Carotene Endogenous Metabolic β-Carotene (Provitamin A) is an organic compound and classified as a 7235-40-7 Metabolite Enzyme/Protease terpenoid. It is a precursor (inactive form) of vitamin A. HY-N0420 Succinic acid Endogenous Metabolic Succinic acid is an intermediate product of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, as 110-15-6 Metabolite Enzyme/Protease well as one of fermentation products of anaerobic metabolism. HY-N0445 2-Hydroxy-4- Tyrosinase Metabolic 2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde, a chemical compound and an 673-22-3 methoxybenzaldehyde Enzyme/Protease isomer of Vanillin, could be used to synthesis Urolithin M7. 2-hydroxy- 4-methoxybenzaldehyde is a potent tyrosinase inhibitor from three East African medicinal plants, Mondia whitei, Rhus vulgaris Meikle, and Sclerocarya caffra Sond. HY-N0455 L-Arginine Endogenous Immunology/ L-Arginine is the nitrogen donor for synthesis of nitric oxide, a potent 74-79-3 Metabolite; Inflanimation; vasodilator that is deficient during times of sickle cell crisis. NO Synthase Metabolic Target: Others Enzyme/Protease L-Arginine is an α-amino acid. It was first isolated in 1886. The L-form is one of the 20 most common natural amino acids. At the level of molecular genetics, in the structure of the messenger ribonucleic acid mRNA, CGU, CGC, CGA, CGG, AGA, and AGG, are the triplets of nucleotide bases or codons that code for arginine during protein synthesis. In mammals, arginine is classified as a semiessential or conditionally essential amino acid, depending on the developmental stage and health status of the individual. L-Arginine is associated with a decrease in cardiac index while stroke index is maintained in patients with severe sepsis. Resolution of shock at 72 hours is achieved by 40% and 24% of the patients in the L-Arginine and placebo cohorts, respectively. L-Arginine (450 mg/kg during a 15- minute period) amplifies and sustains the hyperemia (38%) and increases absolute brain blood flow after eNOS upregulation by chronic simvastatin treatment (2 mg/kg subcutaneously, daily for 14 days) in SV-129 mice. HY-N0466 Rebaudioside A Endogenous Metabolic Rebaudioside A is a steviol glycoside, α-glucosidase inhibitor with IC50 58543-16-1 Metabolite; Enzyme/Protease of 35.01 μg/ml. can inhibit ATP-sensitive K+-channels. Glucosidase Target: α-glucosidase IC 50: 35.01 ug/mL In vitro: rebaudioside A stimulat the insulin secretion from MIN6 cells in a dose- and glucose-dependent manner. In conclusion, the insulinotropic effect of rebaudioside A is mediated via inhibition of ATP-sensitive K+- channels and requires the presence of high glucose. In vivo: in vivo mouse micronucleus test at doses up to 750 mg/kg bw and an unscheduled DNA synthesis test in rats at doses up to 2000 mg/kg bw, rebaudioside A do not cause any genotoxic effects at any of the doses tested. HY-N0467 Rebaudioside C Endogenous Metabolic Rebaudioside C(Dulcoside B) is used as natural sweeteners to diabetics 63550-99-2 Metabolite Enzyme/Protease and others on carbohydrate-controlled diets. HY-N0469 L-Lysine Endogenous Anti-infection; L-lysine is an essential amino acid with important roles in connective 56-87-1 Metabolite; Metabolic tissues and carnitine synthesis, energy production, growth in children, and Virus Protease Enzyme/Protease maintenance of immune functions. HY-N0473 L-Tyrosine Endogenous Metabolic L-Tyrosine is a non-essential amino acid which can inhibit citrate 60-18-4 Metabolite Enzyme/Protease synthase activity in the posterior cortex. HY-N0486 L-Leucine mTOR PI3K/Akt/mTOR L-Leucine is an essential branched-chain amino acid (BCAA), which 61-90-5 activates the mTOR signaling pathway. HY-N0524 Propyl gallate Others Others Propyl gallate is a common food antioxidant. Propyl gallate can inhibit 121-79-9 the production of acrolein, glyoxal and methylglyoxal. HY-N0537 Xylose Endogenous Metabolic Xylose, a natural product, can be catalyzed into xylulose by xylose 58-86-6 Metabolite Enzyme/Protease isomerase, and it is the key step for anaerobic ethanolic fermentation of xylose. HY-N0538 Xylitol Autophagy; Autophagy; Xylitol is a chemical categorized as a polyalcohol or sugar alcohol. 87-99-0 Endogenous Metabolic Target: Others Metabolite Enzyme/Protease Xylitol is a chemical categorized as a polyalcohol or sugar alcohol (alditol). Xylitol has the formula (CHOH)3(CH2OH)2 and is an achiral isomer of pentane-1,2,3,4,5-pentol. Xylitol is used as a diabetic sweetener which is roughly as sweet as sucrose with 33% fewer calories. Unlike other natural or synthetic sweeteners, xylitol is actively beneficial for dental health by reducing caries to a third in regular use and helpful to remineralization. Xylitol is naturally found in low concentrations in the fibers of many fruits and vegetables, and can be extracted from various berries, oats, and mushrooms, as well as fibrous material such as corn husks and sugar cane bagasse and birch. HY-N0593 Deoxycholic Endogenous GPCR/G Protein; Deoxycholic acid is specifically responsible for activating the G protein- 83-44-3 acid Metabolite; Metabolic coupled bile acid receptor TGR5 that stimulates brown adipose tissue GPCR19 Enzyme/Protease (BAT) thermogenic activity. HY-N0609 Cinnamaldehyde Apoptosis; Anti-infection; Cinnamaldehyde is a major and a bioactive compound isolated from the 104-55-2 Bacterial Apoptosis leaves of Cinnamomum osmophloeum kaneh. Cinnamaldehyde is a cytokine production inhibitor. Cinnamaldehyde has anti-bacteria, anti- oxidation, and anti-inflammatory properties. HY-N0610A Cinnamic acid Endogenous Metabolic Cinnamic acid has potential use in cancer intervention, with IC50s of 1- 621-82-9 Metabolite Enzyme/Protease 4.5 mM in glioblastoma, melanoma, prostate and lung carcinoma cells. HY-N0614 Sucralose Endogenous Metabolic Sucralose is an intense organochlorine artificial sweetener. 56038-13-2 Metabolite Enzyme/Protease HY-N0623 L-Tlyptophan Endogenous Metabolic L-Tlyptophan (Tryptophan) is an essential amino acid that is the precursor 73-22-3 Metabolite Enzyme/Protease of serotonin, melatonin, and vitamin B3. HY-N0626 Sorbic acid Antibiotic; Anti-infection; Sorbic acid, isolated from Sorbus aucuparia, is a naturally occurring, 110-44-1 Bacterial; Metabolic highly efficient, and nonpoisonous?food preservative.?Sorbic acid Endogenous Enzyme/Protease generally is an effective inhibitor of most molds and yeasts and some Metabolite; bacteria. Fungal HY-N0633 Muscone Interleukin Apoptosis; Muscone is the main active monomer of traditional Chinese medicine 541-91-3 Related; NF- Immunology/ musk. Muscone inhibits NF-κB and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. κB; NOD-like Inflanimation; Muscone remarkably decreases the levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL- Receptor NF-κB 1β, TNF-α and IL-6), and ultimately improves cardiac function and (NLR); TNF survival rate. Receptor HY-N0650 L-Serine Endogenous Metabolic L-Serine ((−)-Serine; (S)-Serine), one of the so-called non-essential amino 56-45-1 Metabolite Enzyme/Protease acids, plays a central role in cellular proliferation. HY-N0658 L-Threonine Endogenous Metabolic L-Threonine is a natural amino acid, can be produced by microbial 72-19-5 Metabolite Enzyme/Protease fermentation, and is used in food, medicine, or feed. HY-N0666 L-Aspartic acid Endogenous Metabolic L-Aspartic acid is is an amino acid, shown to be a suitable prodrug for 56-84-8 Metabolite Enzyme/Protease colon-specific drug deliverly. HY-N0667 L-Asparagine Endogenous Metabolic L-Asparagine ((−)-Asparagine) is a non-essential amino acid that is 70-47-3 Metabolite Enzyme/Protease involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. HY-N0679 Retinyl acetate Others Others Retinyl acetate is a synthetic acetate ester form derived from retinol and 127-47-9 has potential antineoplastic and chemo preventive activities. HY-N0680 Thiamine Apoptosis; Anti-infection; Thiamine hydrochloride is an essential micronutrient needed as a cofactor 67-03-8 hydrochloride Endogenous Apoptosis; for many central metabolic enzymes. Metabolite; Metabolic HBV Enzyme/Protease HY-N0681 D-Pantothenic Apoptosis; Apoptosis; D-Pantothenic acid hemicalcium salt (Vitamin B5 calcium salt), a 137-08-6 acid Endogenous Metabolic vitamin, can reduce the patulin content of the apple juice. (hemicalcium Metabolite Enzyme/Protease IC50 value: salt) Target: In vitro: In human dermal fibroblasts from three different donors, D- Pantothenic acid hemicalcium salt accelerates the wound healing process by increasing the number of migrating cells, their distance and hence their speed. In addition, cell division is increased and the protein synthesis changed. In vivo: HY-N0682 Pyridoxine Endogenous Metabolic Pyridoxine hydrochloride (Pyridoxol; Vitamin B6) is a pyridine 58-56-0 (hydrochloride) Metabolite; Enzyme/Protease; derivative. Pyridoxine (Pyridoxol; Vitamin B6) exerts antioxidant effects Keap1-Nrf2 NF-κB in cell model of Alzheimer's disease via the Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway. HY-N0708 Vanillic acid Bacterial; Anti-infection; Vanillic acid is a flavoring agent found in edible plants and fruits Vanillic 121-34-6 Endogenous Metabolic acid inhibits NF-κB activation. Anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and Metabolite; Enzyme/Protease; chemopreventive effects. NF-κB NF-κB HY-N0709 Coumarin Influenza Anti-infection Coumarin is the primary bioactive ingredient in Radix Glehniae, named 91-64-5 Virus Beishashen in China, which possesses many pharmacological activities, including anticancer, anti-inflammation and antivirus activities. HY-N0711 Carvacrol Apoptosis; Anti-infection; Carvacrol is a monoterpenoid phenol isolated from Lamiaceae family 499-75-2 Endogenous Apoptosis; plants, with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties. Metabolite; Metabolic Carvacrol causes cell cycle arrest in G0/G1, downregulates Notch-1, and Fungal; Notch Enzyme/Protease; Jagged-1, and induces apoptosis. Neuronal Signaling; Stem Cell/Wnt HY-N0717 L-Valine Endogenous Metabolic L-Valine is one of 20 proteinogenic amino acids. L-Valine is an essential 72-18-4 Metabolite Enzyme/Protease amino acid. HY-N0729 Linoleic acid Endogenous Metabolic Linoleic acid is a critical component of polyunsaturated fatty acids. 60-33-3 Metabolite Enzyme/Protease HY-N0756 Bornyl acetate Apoptosis Apoptosis Bornyl acetate is a potent odorant, exhibiting one of the highest flavor 76-49-3 dilution factor (FD factor). HY-N0771 L-Isoleucine Endogenous Metabolic L-isoleucine is a nonpolar hydrophobic amino acid. L-Isoleucine is an 73-32-5 Metabolite Enzyme/Protease essential amino acid. HY-N0830 Palmitic acid Endogenous Metabolic Palmitic acid is a long-chain saturated fatty acid commonly found in both 57-10-3 Metabolite Enzyme/Protease animals and plants. HY-N0832 L-Histidine Endogenous Metabolic L-Histidine is an essential amino acid for infants. L-Histidine is an 71-00-1 Metabolite; Enzyme/Protease inhibitor of mitochondrial glutamine transport. Mitochondrial Metabolism HY-N1096 Veratraldehyde Others Others Veratraldehyde is an important chemical used in perfumery, 120-14-9 agrochemical, and pharmaceutical industries. HY-N1132A D-(+)- Others Others D-(+)-Trehalose dihydrate, isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, can 6138-23-4 Trehalose be used as a food ingredient and pharmaceutical excipient. dihydrate HY-N1390 Syringaldehyde COX Immunology/ Syringaldehyde is a polyphenolic compound belonging to the group of 134-96-3 Inflanimation flavonoids and is found in different plant species like Manihot esculenta and Magnolia officinalis. Syringaldehyde moderately inhibits COX-2 activity with an IC50 of 3.5 μg/mL. Anti-hyperglycemic and anti- inflammatory activities. HY-N1393 2- Endogenous Metabolic 2-Methoxybenzoic acid (NSC 3778) is used as an internal standard of 579-75-9 Methoxybenzoic Metabolite Enzyme/Protease salicylic acid and its putative biosynthetic precursors in cucumber leaves. acid Another known use is in the synthesis of Benextramine. HY-N1394 p-Anisic acid Bacterial; Anti-infection; p-Anisic acid (4-Methoxybenzoic acid) is one of the isomers of anisic 100-09-4 Endogenous Metabolic acid, with anti-bacterial and antiseptic properties. Metabolite Enzyme/Protease HY-N1406 6- Others Others 6-Methylcoumarin is a synthetic fragrance widely used in cosmetics. 92-48-8 Methylcoumarin HY-N1415 β- Cannabinoid GPCR/G Protein; β-Caryophyllene is a CB2 receptor agonist. 87-44-5 Caryophyllene Receptor; Metabolic Endogenous Enzyme/Protease; Metabolite Neuronal Signaling HY-N1420 Rhamnose Endogenous Metabolic Rhamnose (L-Rhamnose) is a monosaccharide found in plants and 3615-41-6 Metabolite Enzyme/Protease bacteria. Rhamnose-conjugated immunogens is used in immunotherapies. Rhamnose crosses the epithelia via the transcellular pathway and acts as a marker of intestinal absorption. HY-N1423 Glycocholic Bcl-2 Family; Apoptosis; Glycocholic acid is a bile acid with anticancer activity, targeting against 475-31-0 acid Endogenous Metabolic pump resistance-related and non-pump resistance-related pathways. Metabolite Enzyme/Protease HY-N1426 Raspberry PPAR Cell Cycle/DNA Raspberry ketone is a major aromatic compound of red raspberry, widely 5471-51-2 ketone Damage used as a fragrance in cosmetics and as a flavoring agent in foodstuff; also shows PPAR-α agonistic activity. HY-N1428 Citric acid Antibiotic; Anti-infection; Citric acid is a weak organic tricarboxylic acid found in citrus fruits. Citric 77-92-9 Apoptosis; Apoptosis; acid is a natural preservative and food tartness enhancer. Bacterial; Metabolic Endogenous Enzyme/Protease Metabolite HY-N1428A 2-Hydroxy- 1,2,3- propanetricarboxylic acid monohydrate HY-N1446 Oleic acid Apoptosis; Apoptosis; Oleic acid is an abundant monounsaturated fatty acid. Oleic acid is a 112-80-1 Endogenous Membrane Na+/K+ ATPase activator. Metabolite; Transporter/Ion Na+/K+ Channel; ATPase Metabolic Enzyme/Protease HY-N1500 Pulegone Endogenous Membrane Pulegone, the major chemical constituent of Calamintha nepeta (L.) Savi 89-82-7 Metabolite; Transporter/Ion essential oil which is an aromatic heth with a mint-oregano flavor, is one TRP Channel Channel; of avian repellents. The molecular target for the repellent action of Metabolic Pulegone in avian species is nociceptive TRP ankyrin 1 (TRPA1). Enzyme/Protease; Pulegone stimulates both TRPM8 and TRPA1 channel in chicken sensory Neuronal neurons and suppresses the former but not the latter at high Signaling concentrations. HY-N1925 Tea polyphenol Others Others Tea polyphenol is the floorboard of phenolic compounds in tea. Tea 84650-60-2 polyphenol exhibits biological activity including antioxidant and anti- cancer activities, inhibition of cell proliferation, induction of apoptosis, cell cycle arrest and modulation of carcinogen metabolism. HY-N1926 Dihydrocoumarin Sirtuin Cell Cycle/DNA Dihydrocoumarin is a compound found in Melilotus officinalis. 119-84-6 Damage; Dihydrocoumarin is a yeast Sir2p inhibitor. Dihydrocoumarin also Epigenetics inhibits human SIRT1 and SIRT2 with IC50s of 208 μM and 295 μM, respectively. HY-N1944 Nerolidol Bacterial; Anti-infection; Nerolidol is a natural membrane-active sesquiterpene, with antitumor, 7212-44-4 Endogenous Metabolic antibacterial, antifungal and antiparasitic activity. Metabolite; Enzyme/Protease Fungal; Parasite HY-N2011 Octyl gallate Bacterial; Anti-infection; Octyl gallate (Progallin O) is widely used as a food additive, with 1034-01-1 HSV; Immunology/ antimicrobial and antioxidant activity. Octyl gallate (Progallin O) shows Influenza Inflanimation; selective and sensitive fluorescent property. Octyl gallate shows a marked Virus; Metabolic antiviral effect against HSV-1, vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and Reactive Enzyme/Protease; poliovirus. Oxygen NF-κB Species HY-N2024 Maltose 69-79-4 HY-N2026 Propylparaben Bacterial; Anti-infection; Propylparaben is an antimicrobial agent, preservative, flavouring agent. 94-13-3 Endogenous Metabolic Metabolite Enzyme/Protease HY-N2041 Myristic acid Endogenous Metabolic Myristic acid is a saturated 14-carbon fatty acid occurring in most animal 544-63-8 Metabolite Enzyme/Protease and vegetable fats, particularly butterfat and coconut, palm, and nutmeg oils. HY-N2067 Vanillyl alcohol Apoptosis Apoptosis Vanillyl alcohol (p-(Hydroxymethyl)guaiacol), derived from vanillin, is a 498-00-0 phenolic alcohol and is used as a flavoring agent in foods and beverages. HY-N2071 Cedrol Cytochrome Anti-infection; Cedrol is a bioactive sesquitelpene, a potent competitive inhibitor of 77-53-2 P450; Fungal Metabolic cytochrome P-450 (CYP) enzymes. Cedrol inhibits CYP2B6-mediated Enzyme/Protease bupropion hydroxylase and CYP3A4-mediated midazolam hydroxylation with Ki of 0.9 μM and 3.4 μM, respectively. Cedrol also has weak inhibitory effect on CYP2C8, CYP2C9, and CYP2C19 enzymes. Cedrol is found in cedar essential oil and poetesses anti-septic, anti- inflammatory, anti-spasmodic, tonic, astringent, diuretic, sedative, insecticidal, and anti-fungal activities. HY-N2086 Ethyl palmitate 628-97-7 HY-N2195 Nootkatone Others Others Nootkatone, a neuroprotective agent from Alpiniae Oxyphyllae Fructus, 4674-50-4 has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Nootkatone improves cognitive impairment in lipopolysaccharide-induced mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. HY-N2362 Alanine 302-72-7 HY-N3025 Zinc sulfate Others Others Zinc sulfate heptahydrate is a hydrate that is the heptahydrate form of zinc 7446-20-0 (heptahydrate) sulfate. Zinc sulfate heptahydrate is a dietary supplement used for zinc deficiency and to prevent the condition in those at high risk. HY-N3075 Phytol Bacterial; Anti-infection Phytol ((E)?-?Phytol), a diterpene alcohol from chlorophyll widely used 150-86-7 Parasite as a food additive and in medicinal fields, possesses promising antischistosomal properties. Phytol has antinociceptive and antioxidant activitiesas well as anti-inflammatory and antiallergic effects. Phytol has antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Staphylococcus aureus. HY-N3544 Caryophyllene Endogenous Metabolic Caryophyllene oxide, isolated from from Annona squamosa L. bark., 1139-30-6 oxide Metabolite Enzyme/Protease possesses analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity. HY-N4100 Trilobatin HIV; SGLT Anti-infection; Trilobatin, a natural sweetener derived from?Lithocarpus 4192-90-9 Membrane polystachyus?Rehd, Trilobatin?is an HIV-1 entry inhibitor targeting the Transporter/Ion HIV-1 Gp41 envelope. Neuroprotective effects. Trilobatin is also a Channel SGLT1/2 inhibitor that selectively induces the proliferation of human hepatoblastoma cells. HY-N5132 (−)-Fenchone Others Others (−)-Fenchone, a bicyclic monoterpene, is widely distributed in plants and 7787-20-4 found in essential oils from Thuja occidentalis. (−)-Fenchone is oxidized to 6-endo-hydroxyfenchone, 6-exo-hydroxyfenchone and 10- hydroxyfenchone derivatives by CYP2A6 and CYP2B6 in human liver microsomes with CYP2A6 playing a more important role than CYP2B6. HY-N5142 α-Terpineol Bacterial Anti-infection α-Terpineol is isolated from Eucalyptus globulus Labill, exhibits strong 98-55-5 antimicrobial activity against periodontopathic and cariogenic bacteria. α-Terpineol possesses antifungal activity against T. mentagrophytes, and the activity might lead to irreversible cellular disruption. HY-N6056 Pentanoic acid 109-52-4 HY-N6655 DL-Methionine Others Others DL-methionine methylsulfonium chloride is a naturally occurring 3493-12-7 methylsulfonium methionine derivative. DL-methionine methylsulfonium chloride protects (chloride) gastric mucosal from ethanol-induced damage. HY-N6810 Thymol Bacterial Anti-infection Thymol is the main monoterpene phenol occurring in essential oils 89-83-8 isolated from plants belonging to the Lamiaceae family, and other plants such as those belonging to the Verbenaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Ranunculaceae and Apiaceae families. Thymol has antioxidant, anti- inflammatory, antibacterial and antifungal effects. HY-N6952 Geraniol Endogenous Anti-infection; Geraniol, an olefinic terpene, was found to inhibit growth of Candida 106-24-1 Metabolite; Metabolic albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains. Fungal Enzyme/Protease HY-N6996 Methyl Eugenol Others Others Methyl Eugenol, a phenylpropanoid chemical in leaves, fruits, stems, 93-15-2 and/or roots, may be released when that corresponding part of a plant is damaged as a result of feeding by an herbivore. Methyl Eugenol is used for male annihilation of the oriental fruit fly. HY-N7000 Perillyl alcohol Apoptosis; Apoptosis; Perillyl alcohol?is a monoterpene isolated from the essential oils of 536-59-4 Endogenous Metabolic lavendin, peppermint, spearmint, cherries, celery seeds, and several other Metabolite Enzyme/Protease plants. Perillyl alcohol?is active in inducing apoptosis in tumor cells without affecting normal cells. HY-N7063 Nerol Apoptosis; Anti-infection; Nerol is a constituent of neroli oil. Nerol Nerol triggers mitochondrial 106-25-2 Endogenous Apoptosis; dysfunction and induces apoptosis via elevation of Ca2+ and ROS. Metabolite; Immunology/ Antifungal activity. Fungal; Inflanimation; Mitochondrial Metabolic Metabolism; Enzyme/Protease; Reactive NF-κB Oxygen Species HY-N7079 Erythorbic acid Others Others Erythorbic acid (D-Isoascorbic acid), produced from sugars derived from 89-65-6 different sources, such as beets, sugar cane, and corn, is a food additive used predominantly in meats, poultry, and soft drinks. HY-N7079A Sodium Others Others Sodium erythorbate (D-Isoascorbic acid sodium), produced from sugars 6381-77-7 erythorbate derived from different sources, such as beets, sugar cane, and corn, is a food additive used predominantly in meats, poultry, and soft drinks. HY-N7083 Citral Others Others Citral is a monoterpene found in Cymbopogon citratus essential oil, with 5392-40-5 antihyperalgesic, anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects. HY-N7090 Benzyl cinnamate HY-N7092 D-Fructose Others Others D-Fructose (D(−)-Fructose) is a naturally occurring monosaccharide 57-48-7 found in many plants. HY-N7117 1,4-Cineole Endogenous Membrane 1,4-Cineole is a widely distributed, natural, oxygenated monoterpene. 470-67-7 Metabolite; Transporter/Ion 1,4-Cineole, present in eucalyptus oil, activates both human TRPM8 and TRP Channel Channel; human TRPA1. Metabolic Enzyme/Protease; Neuronal Signaling HY-N7124 Benzyl acetate Others Others Benzyl acetate is a constituent of jasmin and of the essential oils of ylang- 140-11-4 ylang and neroli. Natural sources of Benzyl acetate include varieties of flowers like jasmine (Jasminum), and fruits like pear, apple. HY-N7393 Isomalt Lactate Metabolic Isomalt (Palatinitol), a well-tolerated, non-toxic polyol and a protein- 64519-82-0 Dehydrogenase Enzyme/Protease stabilizing excipient, stabilizes lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) moderately during freeze-drying, and performs better during storage. Isomalt is traditionally used as a sweetening agent in the food industry and as a tabletting excipient for pharmaceutical purposes. HY-P1645 Papain Cathepsin Metabolic Papain is a cysteine protease of the peptidase C1 family, which is used in 9001-73-4 Enzyme/Protease food, pharmaceutical, textile, and cosmetic industries. HY-W001132 Indole Endogenous Metabolic Indole is an endogenous metabolite. 120-72-9 Metabolite Enzyme/Protease HY-W001245 4- 693-95-8 Methylthiazole HY-W002045 1-(4- 122-84-9 Methoxyphenyl) propan-2-one HY-W002097 1-(5- 13679-74-8 Methylthiophen- 2-yl)ethan-1- one HY-W004058 (Tetrahydrofuran- 97-99-4 2-yl)methanol HY-W004282 Undecanoic Endogenous Anti-infection; Undecanoic acid (Undecanoate) is a monocarboxylic acid with 112-37-8 acid Metabolite; Metabolic antimycotic property, which inhibits the production of exocellular Fungal Enzyme/Protease keratinase, lipase and the biosynthesis of several phospholipids in T. rubrum. HY-W004283 Pentadecanoic Endogenous Metabolic Pentadecylic acid is a saturated fatty acid with a 15-carbon backbone. 1002-84-2 acid Metabolite Enzyme/Protease HY-W004292 1-Undecanol 112-42-5 HY-W004298 10-Undecen-1- Others Others 10-Undecen-1-ol, converted from ricinoleic acid, can be used as a 112-43-6 ol comonomer for the introduction of functional groups. HY-W004842 Benzo[b]fumn- 4265-16-1 2- carboxaldehyde HY-W004975 5- 13708-12-8 Methylquinoxaline HY-W005288 4-Vinylphenol 2628-17-3 HY-W005344 Ethyl 2-(2- 6413-10-1 methyl-1,3- dioxolan-2- yl)acetate HY-W005513 N,N-Bis(2- 120-40-1 hydroxyethyl) dodecanamide HY-W006057 3-Methyl-2- Endogenous Metabolic 3-Methyl-2-oxobutanoic acid is a precursor of pantothenic acid in 759-05-7 oxobutanoic Metabolite Enzyme/Protease Escherichia coli. acid HY-W007355 Skatole Aryl Anti-infection; Skatole is produced by intestinal bacteria, regulates intestinal epithelial 83-34-1 Hydrocarbon Autophagy; cellular functions through activating aryl hydrocarbon receptors and p38. Receptor; Immunology/ Autophagy; Inflanimation; Bacterial; MAPK/ERK Endogenous Pathway; Metabolite; Metabolic Fungal; p38 Enzyme/Protease MAPK HY-W007446 3- 104-53-0 Phenylpropanal HY-W007606 Tyramine Endogenous Metabolic Tyramine is an amino acid that helps regulate blood pressure. Tyramine 51-67-2 Metabolite Enzyme/Protease occurs naturally in the body, and it's found in certain foods. HY-W007617 Ethyl 3-oxo-3- 94-02-0 phenylpropanoate HY-W007692 Acetylpymzine Others Others Acetylpymzine (2-Acetylpymzine) is fused to form many polycyclic 22047-25-2 compounds, as useful structures in pharmaceuticals and perfumes. Acetylpymzine is a component of the folates (vitamin B compounds). HY-W007704 Methyl 4630-82-4 cyclohexanecarboxylate HY-W007828 Methyl 3- 103-25-3 phenylpropanoate HY-W007888 2-Hydroxy-4- 698-27-1 methylbenzaldehyde HY-W007926 2-Oxobutanoic Endogenous Metabolic 2-Oxobutanoic acid is a product in the enzymatic cleavage of 600-18-0 acid Metabolite Enzyme/Protease cystathionine. HY-W008270 2(5H)-Furanone 497-23-4 HY-W008591 2- 1628-89-3 Methoxypyridine HY-W009156 Hydroxycitric 6100-05-6 acid (tripotassium hydrate) HY-W009384 1,4- 105-95-3 Dioxacyclohept adecane-5,17- dione HY-W009417 Cedryl acetate Glucosidase Metabolic Cedryl acetate is a tricyclic sesquiterpene isolated from the plant Psidium 77-54-3 Enzyme/Protease caudatum. Cedryl acetate shows α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. HY-W009516 Dibenzyl 150-60-7 disulfide HY-W009811 Tridecan-2-one 593-08-8 HY-W009948 Vanillin acetate Others Others Vanillin acetate is easily synthesized from vanillin by treatment with 881-68-5 acetic anhydride. HY-W010054 2- 93-18-5 Ethoxynaphthalene HY-W010141 1-(4- 645-13-6 Isopropylphenyl) ethanone HY-W010201 Citronellol Reactive Immunology/ Citronellol ((±)-Citronellol) is a monoterpene Pelargonium capitatum. 106-22-9 Oxygen Inflanimation; Citronellol ((±)-Citronellol) induces necroptosis of cancer cell via up- Species Metabolic regulating TNF-α, RIP1/RIP3 activities, down-regulating caspase- Enzyme/Protease; 3/caspase-8 activities and increasing ROS (reactive oxygen species) NF-κB accumulation. HY-W010293 Ethyl 4- 539-88-8 oxopentanoate HY-W010320 Ethyl maltol Others Others Ethyl maltol (2-Ethyl-3-hydroxy-4H-pyran-4-one), an odor-active (OA) 4940-11-8 compound, is an important food additive and the main component of a type of incense added to food. HY-W010392 Ethyl 2- 7452-79-1 methylbutanoate HY-W010435 Sulcatone 110-93-0 HY-W010476 2,3,5- 14667-55-1 Trimethylpyrazine HY-W010483 2- 64-04-0 Phenylethylamine HY-W010489 2- Endogenous Metabolic 2-Phenylacetaldehyde is an endogenous metabolite. 122-78-1 Phenylacetaldehyde Metabolite Enzyme/Protease HY-W010531 trans-Hex-2- 13419-69-7 enoic acid HY-W010533A 2-Methy1-2- 3142-72-1 pentenoic acid HY-W010540 4,5- 3581-91-7 Dimethylthiazole HY-W010542 Azepan-2-one 105-60-2 HY-W010553 2,5-Dimethyl- Others Others 2,5-Dimethyl-3(2H)-furanone is a flavouring substance without 14400-67-0 3(2H)-fumnone genotoxicity. HY-W010562 2- Methoxypymzine HY-W010594 Tetrahydrothiophen- Endogenous Metabolic Tetrahydrothiophen-3-one is an endogenous metabolite. 1003-04-9 3-one Metabolite Enzyme/Protease HY-W010607 cis-3-Hexen-1- Others Others cis-3-Hexen-1-ol ((Z)-3-Hexen-1-ol) is a green grassy smelling 928-96-1 ol compound found in many fresh fruits and vegetables. cis-3-Hexen-1-ol is widely used as an added flavor in processed food to provide a fresh green quality. cis-3-Hexen-1-ol is an attractant to various insects. HY-W010611 3-Methylbut-2- Endogenous Metabolic 3-Methylbut-2-enoic acid is an endogenous metabolite. 541-47-9 enoic acid Metabolite Enzyme/Protease HY-W010627 2,5-Dimethyl- 14400-67-0 1H-pyrrole HY-W010970 5′-Guanylic Endogenous Metabolic 5′-Guanylic acid disodium salt (5′-GMP disodium salt) is composed of 5550-12-9 acid (disodium Metabolite Enzyme/Protease guanine, ribose, and phosphate moieties and it is a nucleotide monomer salt) in messenger RNA. Guanosine derivatives are involved in intracellular signal transduction and have been identified in repetitive genomic sequences in telomeres, in ribosomal DNA, immunoglobulin heavy-chain switch regions, and in the control regions of proto-oncogenes. HY-W011053 Neotame 165450-17-9 HY-W011678 Octadecan-1- 124-30-1 amine HY-W012499 N-Acetyl-L- Endogenous Metabolic N-Acetyl-L-methionine, a human metabolite, is nutritionally and 65-82-7 methionine Metabolite Enzyme/Protease metabolically equivalent to L-methionine. L-methionine is an indispensable amino acid required for normal growth and development. HY-W012530 2-Oxo-3- Endogenous Metabolic 2-Oxo-3-phenylpropanoic acid is used in the synthesis of 3-phenyllactic 156-06-9 phenylpropanoic Metabolite Enzyme/Protease acid (PLA) by lactate dehydrogenase. acid HY-W012556 Ethyl 3- 2305-25-1 hydroxyhexanoate HY-W012575 2,4- Endogenous Metabolic 2,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid is a degradation product of cyaniding 89-86-1 Dihydroxybenzoic Metabolite Enzyme/Protease glycoside from tart cheeries in cell culture. acid HY-W012595 Benzylideneacetone 122-57-6 HY-W012634 Benzo[d]thiazole 95-16-9 HY-W012653 4′- 122-00-9 Methylacetophenone HY-W012657 4- 4748-78-1 Ethylbenzaldehyde HY-W012658 2- Endogenous Metabolic 2-Methylacetophenone is an endogenous metabolite. 577-16-2 Methylacetophenone Metabolite Enzyme/Protease HY-W012701 Ethyl 3- 5405-41-4 hydroxybutyrate HY-W012722 4-Methyl-2- Endogenous Metabolic 4-Methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid, an abnormal metabolite, is both a 816-66-0 oxopentanoic Metabolite Enzyme/Protease neurotoxin and a metabotoxin. acid HY-W012732 Isoquinoline HY-W012788 Maltol Endogenous Metabolic Maltol, a type of aromatic compound, exists in high concentrations in red 118-71-8 Metabolite Enzyme/Protease ginseng. Maltol is a potent antioxidative agent and typically is used to enhance flavor and preserve food. HY-W012813 1-(5- 1193-79-9 Methylfumn-2- yl)ethanone HY-W012836 4-Ethylphenol Endogenous Metabolic 4-Ethylphenol is a volatile phenolic compound associated with off-odour 123-07-9 Metabolite Enzyme/Protease in wine. HY-W012889 DL-Valine 516-06-3 HY-W012956 1-(1H-Pyrrol-2- 1072-83-9 yl)ethanone HY-W012980 3- Endogenous Metabolic 3-Methylbutanoic acid is a natural fatty acid and known to effect on 503-74-2 Methylbutanoic Metabolite Enzyme/Protease neonatal death and possible Jamaican vomiting sickness in human. acid HY-W012995 5-Hexen-1-ol 821-41-0 HY-W012999 Tiglic acid Endogenous Metabolic Tiglic acid is a monocarboxylic unsaturated organic acid found in croton 80-59-1 Metabolite Enzyme/Protease oil and in several other natural products. Tiglic aci has a role as a plant metabolite. HY-W013014 3-Methyl-2- Endogenous Metabolic 3-Methyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one is an endogenous metabolite. 2758-18-1 cyclopenten-1- Metabolite Enzyme/Protease one HY-W013035 3-Methyl-2- Endogenous Metabolic 3-Methyl-2-buten-1-ol is an endogenous metabolite. 556-82-1 buten-1-ol Metabolite Enzyme/Protease HY-W013040 Pyrazine 290-37-9 HY-W013573 S-Allyl-L- Apoptosis Apoptosis S-Allyl-L-cysteine, one of the organosulfur compounds found in AGE, 21593-77-1 cysteine possess various biological effects including neurotrophic activity, anti- cancer activity, anti-inflammatory activity. HY-W013627 (2E,4E)-Deca- 25152-84-5 2,4-dienal HY-W013636 2-Ketoglutaric Endogenous Metabolic 2-Ketoglutaric acid (Alpha-Ketoglutaric acid) is an intermediate in the 328-50-7 acid Metabolite; Enzyme/Protease production of ATP or GTP in the Krebs cycle. 2-Ketoglutaric acid also Tyrosinase acts as the major carbon skeleton for nitrogen-assimilatory reactions. 2- Ketoglutaric acid is a reversible inhibitor of tyrosinase (IC50 = 15 mM). HY-W013807 Dibutyl Others Others Dibutyl sebacate (Dibutyl decanedioate) is a dibutyl ester of sebacic acid, 109-43-3 sebacate mainly used as a plasticizer in production of plastics. HY-W014102 L-Alanyl-L- Endogenous Metabolic L-Alanyl-L-glutamine, a glutamine dipeptide, is benefit for the 39537-23-0 glutamine Metabolite Enzyme/Protease antioxidant system, attenuating inflammation, and may modulate the heat shock protein (HSP) response in catabolic situations. HY-W014207 Ethyl 627-90-7 undecanoate HY-W014325 TRPM8 TRP Channel Membrane TRPM8 antagonist WS-3 is an agonist of TRPM8 with an EC50 of 3.7 39711-79-0 antagonist WS- Transporter/Ion μM. 3 Channel; Neuronal Signaling HY-W014388 1,3- 102-04-5 Diphenylpropan- 2-one HY-W015301 Dimethyl 627-93-0 adipate HY-W015309 Decanoic acid Endogenous Metabolic Decanoic acid belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 334-48-5 Metabolite Enzyme/Protease medium-chain fatty acids. HY-W015342 Methyl anisate 121-98-2 HY-W015371 Ethyl 101-97-3 phenylacetate HY-W015410 Disodium Others Others Disodium succinate is the?disodium?salt of?Succinic acid. Succinic acid 150-90-3 succinate is an intermediate product of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, as well as one of fermentation products of anaerobic metabolism. HY-W015611 L-(+)- Endogenous Metabolic L-(+)-Arabinose selectively inhibits intestinal sucrase activity in a 5328-37-0 Arabinose Metabolite Enzyme/Protease noncompetitive manner and suppresses the plasma glucose increase due to sucrose ingestion. HY-W015618 2′,4′- 89-74-7 Dimethylacetophenone HY-W015695 4-Methyl-5- 137-00-8 thiazoleethanol HY-W015709 Ethyl hex-3- 2396-83-0 enoate HY-W015777 (4- 105-13-5 Methoxyphenyl) methanol HY-W015780 1,4- 150-78-7 Dimethoxybenzene HY-W015786 4-Ethoxyphenol 622-62-8 HY-W015820 Isobenzofuran- 87-41-2 1(3H)-one HY-W015861 p- 589-18-4 Tolylmethanol HY-W015883 Fumaric acid Endogenous Metabolic Fumaric acid, associated with fumarase deficiency, is identified as an 110-17-8 Metabolite Enzyme/Protease oncometabolite or an endogenous, cancer causing metabolite. HY-W016081 Allyl cinnamate 1866-31-5 HY-W016089 Ethyl 2-(2,4- 6290-17-1 dimethy1-1,3- dioxolan-2- yl)acetate HY-W016319 (S)-2- 138-15-8 aminopentanedioic acid hydrochloride HY-W016610 2-Ethoxy-5- 94-86-0 propenylphenol HY-W016806 Sodium 4- (methoxycalbonyl) phenolate HY-W016976 Allyl 142-19-8 heptanoate HY-W017018 L-Ornithine Endogenous Metabolic L-Ornithine hydrochloride is a free amino acid that plays a central role in 3184-13-2 (hydrochloride) Metabolite Enzyme/Protease the urea cycle and is also important for the disposal of excess nitrogen. HY-W017077 4- Endogenous Metabolic 4-Methylbiphenyl is an endogenous metabolite. 644-08-6 Methylbiphenyl Metabolite Enzyme/Protease HY-W017140 2-(sec-Butyl)-3- 24168-70-5 methoxypyrazine HY-W017141 2-Isobuty1-3- 24683-00-9 methoxypyrazine HY-W017212 Methyl AMPK; Anti-infection; Methyl cinnamate (Methyl 3-phenylpropenoate), an active component of 103-26-4 cinnamate Bacterial; Epigenetics; Zanthoxylum armatum, is a widely used natural flavor compound. Methyl Tyrosinase Metabolic cinnamate (Methyl 3-phenylpropenoate) possesses antimicrobial activity Enzyme/Protease; and is a tyrosinase inhibitor that can prevent food browning. Methyl PI3K/Akt/mTOR cinnamate (Methyl 3 -phenylpropenoate) has antiadipogenic activity through mechanisms mediated, in part, by the CaMKK2-AMPK signaling pathway. HY-W017232 6- 5263-87-6 Methoxyquinoline HY-W017278 2- 1883-78-9 ((Isopropylthio) methyl)furan HY-W017316 Terpinen-4-ol Endogenous Metabolic Terpinen-4-ol (4-Carvomenthenol), a naturally occurring monoterpene, is 562-74-3 Metabolite Enzyme/Protease the main bioactive component of tea-tree oil. Terpinen-4-ol suppresses inflammatory mediator production by activated human monocytes. Terpinen-4-ol significantly enhances the effect of several chemotherapeutic and biological agents. HY-W017370 Carveol 99-48-9 HY-W017371 p-Dithiane-2,5- 40018-26-6 diol HY-W017374 4-Ethy1-2- 2785-89-9 methoxyphenol HY-W017428 4- 10031-82-0 Ethoxybenzaldehyde HY-W017522 Adipic acid Endogenous Metabolic Adipic acid is found to be associated with HMG-CoA lyase deficiency, 124-04-9 Metabolite Enzyme/Protease carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase deficiency, malonyl-Coa decarboxylase deficiency, and medium Chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, which are inborn errors of metabolism. HY-W017562 5- 104-50-7 Butyldihydrofuran- 2(3H)-one HY-W017592 2- 1073-29-6 (Methylthio)phenol HY-W017611 4-Propylphenol 645-56-7 HY-W017613 (Ethoxymethyl) 539-30-0 benzene HY-W018501 Methyl p-tert- 3549-23-3 butylphenylacetate HY-W018653 Cyclohexaneacetic 5292-21-7 acid HY-W018758 1- Others Others 1-Phenylpropane-1,2-dione, isolated from young Ephedra sinica Stapf 579-07-7 Phenylpropane- (Ephedraceae), is biosynthetic precursors of the ephedrine alkaloids. 1,2-dione HY-W018772 D- Endogenous Metabolic D-Ribose(mixture of isomers) is an energy enhancer, and acts as a sugar 50-69-1 Ribose(mixture Metabolite Enzyme/Protease moiety of ATP, and widely used as a metabolic therapy supplement for of isomers) chronic fatigue syndrome or cardiac energy metabolism. D- Ribose(mixture of isomers) is active in protein glycation, induces NF-κB inflammation in a RAGE-dependent manner. HY-W019711 trans- Endogenous Metabolic trans-Cinnamaldehyde can be used to prepare highly polyfunctionalized 14371-10-9 Cinnamaldehyde Metabolite Enzyme/Protease furan ring by reaction of alkyl isocyanides with dialkyl acetylenedicalboxylate. trans-Cinnamaldehyde can be used to synthesize trans-cinnamaldehyde-β-cyclodextrin complex, an antimicrobial edible coating that increases the shelf life of fresh-cut fruits. HY-W019894 Manganese 7773-01-5 dichloride HY-W019901 Anhydrous 7778-18-9 calcium sulfate HY-W020014 Pyruvic 78-98-8 aldehyde HY-W026742 Ethyl 87-25-2 anthranilate HY-W027751 2- 578-58-5 Methylanisole HY-W027872 Piperonyl 55418-52-5 acetone HY-W032013 1-Octanol Calcium Membrane 1-Octanol (Octanol), a saturated fatty alcohol, is a T-type calcium 111-87-5 Channel; Transporter/Ion channels (T-channels) inhibitor with an IC50 of 4 μM for native T- Endogenous Channel; currents. 1-Octanol is a highly attractive biofuel with diesel-like Metabolite Metabolic properties. Enzyme/Protease; Neuronal Signaling HY-W035362 Cyclopentadeca 106-02-5 nolide HY-W038287 2- 95-21-6 Methylbenzoxazole HY-W039157 2-Acetyl-3 - 32974-92-8 ethylpymzine HY-W039718 1-(2,4- 38205-60-6 Dimethylthiazol- 5-yl)ethan-1- one HY-W040226 Indigo carmine Others Others Indigo carmine is an efficient reagent for the determination of ozone by 860-22-0 chemlluminescence (CL). HY-W040240 (3S,4R,5S)- Endogenous Metabolic (3S,4R,5S)-1,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexan-2-one is an endogenous 87-79-6 1,3,4,5,6- Metabolite Enzyme/Protease metabolite. Pentahydroxyhexan- 2-one HY-W040790 2,6- 108-50-9 Dimethylpymzine HY-W040948 2-Ethylpyrazine 13925-00-3 HY-W040971 Creosol Endogenous Metabolic Creosol is an endogenous metabolite. 93-51-6 Metabolite Enzyme/Protease HY-W041301 4,4,7a- 15356-74-8 Trimethyl- 5,6,7,7a- tetmhydrobenzo furan-2(4H)- one HY-W041470 4-Methyl-1- 5349-62-2 phenyl-2- pentanone HY-W041533 5,6,7,8- 34413-35-9 Tetrahydroquin oxaline HY-W041912 Ethyl 2- 620-80-4 benzylidene-3- oxobutanoate HY-W052009 Methyl 2- hydroxyethyl cellulose HY-W067358 2- 109-08-0 Methylpymzine HY-W067695 Octahydro-2H- 4430-31-3 chromen-2-one HY-W086991 3-Methyl-2- 1193-18-6 cyclohexenone HY-W087045 Benzyl formate 104-57-4 HY-W087922 Tridodecylamine 102-87-4 HY-W087943 Methyl 111-11-5 octanoate HY-W087984 Heptane-1-thiol 1639-09-4 HY-W087985 Isopentyl 2050-01-3 isobutymte HY-W087987 2- 4861-58-9 Pentylthiophene HY-W088065 Sodium formate 141-53-7 HY-W088319 Butymmide 541-35-5 HY-W088425 Methyl 3- 13532-18-8 (methylthio) propanoate HY-W088436 1-(1-Methyl- 932-16-1 1H-pyrrol-2- yl)ethan-1-one HY-Y0016 Rhodamine B Others Others Rhodamine B is a staining fluorescent dye, commonly used for dyeing 81-88-9 textiles, paper, soap, leather, and drugs. HY-Y0035 4,4-Dimethoxy- 5436-21-5 2-butanone HY-Y0045 2- 24295-03-2 Acetylthiazole HY-Y0073 4- HBV Anti-infection 4-Hydroxyacetophenone (P-hydroxyacetophenone) is a key 99-93-4 Hydroxyacetop hepatoprotective and choleretic compound in Artemisia capillaris and A. henone morrisonensis, also has an anti-hepatitis B virus effect and anti- inflammatory effect. HY-Y0078 Cinnamyl PPAR Cell Cycle/DNA Cinnamyl Alcohol is an active component from chestnut flower, inhibits 104-54-1 Alcohol Damage increased PPARγ expression, with anti-obesity activity. HY-Y0110 2-Naphthol Endogenous Metabolic 2-Naphthol is a metabolite of naphthalene, catalyzed by cytochrome P450 135-19-3 Metabolite Enzyme/Protease (CYP) isozymes (CYP 1A1, CYP 1A2, CYP 2A1, CYP 2E1 and CYP 2F2). HY-Y0121 SemaSORB 103-36-6 9827 HY-Y0172 Butylated Ferroptosis Apoptosis Butylated hydroxytoluene is an antioxidant widely used in foods and in 128-37-0 hydroxytoluene food-related products. Butylated hydroxytoluene is a Ferroptosis inhibitor. HY-Y0189 Methyl COX Immunology/ Methyl Salicylate (Wintergreen oil) is a topical analgesic and anti- 119-36-8 Salicylate Inflanimation inflammatory agent. Also used as a pesticide, a denaturant, a fragrance ingredient, and a flavoring agent in food and tobacco products. A systemic acquired resistance (SAR) signal in tobacco. A topical nonsteroidal anti- inflammatory drug (NSAID). Methyl salicylate lactoside is a COX inhibitor. HY-Y0190 (2R,3R)- 87-91-2 Diethyl 2,3- dihydroxy succinate HY-Y0248A Farnesol Antibiotic; Anti-infection; Farnesol is a sesquiterpene alcohol that modulates cell-to-cell 4602-84-0 Bacterial; Metabolic communication in Candida albicans, and has the activity in inhibiting Endogenous Enzyme/Protease bacteria. Metabolite HY-Y0252 L-Proline Endogenous Metabolic L-Proline is one of the twenty amino acids used in living organisms as the 147-85-3 Metabolite Enzyme/Protease building blocks of proteins. HY-Y0264 4- Bacterial; Anti-infection; 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid, a phenolic derivative of benzoic acid, could 99-96-7 Hydroxybenzoic Endogenous Metabolic inhibit most gram-positive and some gram-negative bacteria, with an acid Metabolite Enzyme/Protease IC50 of 160 μg/mL. HY-Y0267 Phenoxyacetic Endogenous Metabolic Phenoxyacetic acid is an endogenous metabolite. 122-59-8 acid Metabolite Enzyme/Protease HY-Y0271 Urea Endogenous Metabolic Urea is a powerful protein denaturant via both direct and indirect 57-13-6 Metabolite Enzyme/Protease mechanisms. A potent emollient and keratolytic agent. Used as a diuretic agent. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) has been utilized to evaluate renal function. Widely used in fertilizers as a source of nitrogen and is an important raw material for the chemical industry. HY-Y0272 Saccharin Bacterial Anti-infection Saccharin is an orally active, non-caloric artificial sweeteners (NAS). 81-07-2 Saccharin has bacteriostatic and microbiome-modulating properties. HY-Y0283 Antistrumin 7681-11-0 HY-Y0284 Diethylphthalate HY-Y0287 Carbonate 471-34-1 (calcium) HY-Y0289 1-Dodecanol 112-53-8 HY-Y0293 L-Tartaric acid Endogenous Metabolic L-Tartaric acid (L-(+)-Tartaric acid) is an endogenous metabolite. 87-69-4 Metabolite Enzyme/Protease HY-Y0308 Hydrogen 7558-79-4 disodium phosphate HY-Y0313 p- Endogenous Membrane p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde is a one of the major components in 123-08-0 Hydroxybenzaldehyde Metabolite; Transporter/Ion Dendrocalamus asper bamboo shoots, with antagonistic effect on GABA Channel; GABAA receptor of the α1β2γ2S subtype at high concentrations. Receptor Metabolic Enzyme/Protease; Neuronal Signaling HY-Y0316 Sodium dodecyl 151-21-3 sulfate HY-Y0319B Acetic acid 127-08-2 (potassium) HY-Y0337 L-Cysteine Endogenous Apoptosis; L-Cysteine is a thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized 52-90-4 Metabolite; Metabolic to form cystine. Ferroptosis Enzyme/Protease HY-Y0337A L-Cysteine Endogenous Metabolic L-Cysteine hydrochloride is a conditionally essential amino acid, which 52-89-1 (hydrochloride) Metabolite Enzyme/Protease acts as a precursor for biologically active molecules such as hydrogen sulphide (H2S), glutathione and taurine. L-Cysteine hydrochloride suppresses ghrelin and reduces appetite in rodents and humans HY-Y0344 Sodium 7647-14-5 chloride HY-Y0366 Lauric acid Bacterial; Anti-infection; Lauric acid is a middle chain-free fatty acid with strong bactericidal 143-07-7 Endogenous Metabolic properties. The EC50s for P. acnes, S. aureus, S. epidermidis, are 2, 6, 4 Metabolite Enzyme/Protease μg/mL, respectively. HY-Y0367 Maleic Acid Bacterial; Anti-infection; Maleic Acid is a Glutamate Decarboxylase (GAD) inhibitor of E. coli and 110-16-7 Endogenous Metabolic L. monocytogenes. Metabolite Enzyme/Protease HY-Y0479 L-Lactic acid Antibiotic; Anti-infection; L-Lactic acid is a buildiing block which can be used as a precursor for the 79-33-4 Bacterial; Metabolic production of the bioplastic polymer poly-lactic acid. Endogenous Enzyme/Protease Metabolite HY-Y0481A Stannous dichloride (dihydrate) HY-Y0498 Aluminum oxide HY-Y0537 Potassium 7447-40-7 chloride HY-Y0543 5- Others Others 5-Methylfurfural is a naturally occurring substance, found in cigarette 620-02-0 Methylfurfural smoke condensate, licorice essential oil, stored dehydrated orange powder, baked potato flour, volatile compounds of roast beef, aroma concentrate of sponge cake. bread and in coffee, tea and cocoa. A flavoring agent. HY-Y0546 Benzophenone 119-61-9 HY-Y0569 D-Gluconic Endogenous Metabolic D-Gluconic acid is the carboxylic acid by the oxidation with antiseptic 526-95-4 acid Metabolite Enzyme/Protease and chelating properties. HY-Y0600 Thioanisole 100-68-5 HY-Y0624 4-Pentenoic 591-80-0 acid HY-Y0682 Ethylenediamin etetmacetic acid HY-Y0682A Ethylenediamin 6381-92-6 etetmacetic acid disodium salt dihydrate HY-Y0703 Sodium Others Others Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (Viscosity:800-1200 mPa.S) is the 9004-32-4 carboxymethyl sodium salt of cellulose arboxymethyl and frequently used as viscous cellulose agent, paste and barrier agent. (Viscosity:800- 1200 mPa.S) HY-Y0708 Calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate HY-Y0740 4- Endogenous Metabolic 4-Methoxybenzaldehyde is a naturally occurring fragrant phenolic 123-11-5 Methoxybenzaldehyde Metabolite Enzyme/Protease compound that is soluble in acetone. 4-Methoxybenzaldehyde has been found in many plant species including horseradish, anise, star anise. 4- Methoxybenzaldehyde is a possible neurotoxicant and it has shown effects that include mortality, attmctancy, and interference with host seeking. HY-Y0743 1-(Pyridin-2- 1122-62-9 yl)ethan-l-one HY-Y0751 1-(Pyridin-3- 350-03-8 yl)ethanone HY-Y0756 Carbonic acid 144-55-8 monosodium salt HY-Y0760 3- Endogenous Metabolic 3-Methoxybenzoic acid can be used in the synthesis of 3- 586-38-9 Methoxybenzoic Metabolite Enzyme/Protease methoxybenzoates of europium (III) and gadolinium (III). acid HY-Y0781 Pyruvic acid Endogenous Metabolic Pyruvic acid is an intermediate metabolite in the metabolism of 127-17-3 Metabolite Enzyme/Protease carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. HY-Y0790 Cuminaldehyde Endogenous Metabolic Cuminaldehyde is the major component of Cuminum cyminum, a natural 122-03-2 Metabolite Enzyme/Protease aldehyde with inhibitory effect on alpha-synuclein fibrillation and cytotoxicity. Cuminaldehyde shows anticancer activity. HY-Y0808 Dimethyl 106-65-0 succinate HY-Y0813 Iron 7439-89-6 HY-Y0836 Diethyl Others Others Diethyl succinate (Diethyl Butanedioate) is used at physiological pH and 123-25-1 succinate crosses biological membranes, incorporates into cells in tissue culture and is metabolized by the TCA cycle. Diethyl succinate is known to be non- toxic and used in fragrances and flavoring. HY-Y0839 Levulinic acid Endogenous Metabolic Levulinic acid is a precursor for the synthesis of biofuels, such as ethyl 123-76-2 Metabolite Enzyme/Protease levulinate. HY-Y0873 PEG300 Others Others PEG300 (Polyethylene glycol 300), a neutral polymer of molecular 25322-68-3 weight 300, is a water-soluble, low immunogenic and biocompatible polymer formed by repeating units of ethylene glycol. HY-Y0892 4- Apoptosis; Apoptosis; 4-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol is a phenolic compound widely distributed in 623-05-2 Hydroxybenzyl Endogenous Metabolic various kinds of plants. Anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-nociceptive alcohol Metabolite Enzyme/Protease activity. Neuroprotective effect. Inhibitor of tumor angiogenesis and growth HY-Y0921 (±)-1,2- Others Others (±)-1,2-Propanediol is an aliphatic alcohol and frequently used as an 57-55-6 Propanediol excipient in many drug formulations to increase the solubility and stability of drugs. HY-Y0932 Isophorone 78-59-1 HY-Y0946 Acetamide Endogenous Metabolic Acetamide is used primarily as a solvent and a plasticizer. 60-35-5 Metabolite Enzyme/Protease HY-Y0949 Methyl 2- Endogenous Metabolic Methyl 2-furoate (Methyl furan-2-carboxylate) is a building block in 611-13-2 furoate Metabolite Enzyme/Protease chemical synthesis. A flavoring agent in food. Found in cranberries, guava fruits, raisins and other fruits. Also present in baked potato, roasted filberts, roasted peanut, tomatoes, coffee, cocoa, okra, etc. HY-Y0961 Copper(I) 7681-65-4 iodide HY-Y0966 Glycine Endogenous Membrane Glycine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS and also acts as a co- 56-40-6 Metabolite; Transporter/Ion agonist along with glutamate, facilitating an excitatory potential at the iGluR Channel; glutaminergic N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors. Metabolic Enzyme/Protease; Neuronal Signaling HY-Y0989 Acetophenone 98-86-2 HY-Y1011 2-Ethylhexan- 1-ol HY-Y1069 (S)-2- Endogenous Metabolic (S)-2-Hydroxysuccinic acid is a dicarboxylic acid in naturally occurring 97-67-6 Hydroxysuccinic Metabolite Enzyme/Protease form, contributes to the pleasantly sour taste of fruits and is used as a food acid additive. HY-Y1088 Hydrocinnamic Endogenous Metabolic Hydrocinnamic acid is the major rhizospheric compound with known 501-52-0 acid Metabolite Enzyme/Protease growth regulatory activities. HY-Y1093 Ethyl 141-97-9 acetoacetate HY-Y1103 Iron(II) sulfate 7782-63-0 heptahydmte HY-Y1116 Magnesium 1309-48-4 oxide HY-Y1177 Diphenyl 882-33-7 disulfide HY-Y1220 Dipotassium 584-08-7 carbonate HY-Y1311 Malic acid Endogenous Metabolic Malic acid is a dicalboxylic acid that is naturally found in fruits such as 6915-15-7 Metabolite Enzyme/Protease apples and pears. It plays a role in many sour or tart foods. HY-Y1316 Sodium 532-32-1 benzoate HY-Y1362 Ethyl pyruvate 617-35-6 HY-Y1366 Hydroxyacetone 116-09-6 HY-Y1373 Cyclohexanecar Endogenous Metabolic Cyclohexanecarboxylic acid is a Valproate structural analogue with 98-89-5 boxylic acid Metabolite Enzyme/Protease anticonvulsant action. HY-Y1426 2′- Others Others 2′-Hydroxyacetophenone is found in alcoholic beverages. 2′- 118-93-4 Hydroxyacetop Hydroxyacetophenone is present in tomato, cassia, fried beef, rum, henone whiskey, cocoa, coffee and black tea. 2′-Hydroxyacetophenone is a flavouring ingredient. Building block in chemical synthesis. HY-Y1673 Potassium 7758-02-3 bromide HY-Y1683 DL-Menthol GABA Membrane DL-Menthol is a relative configuration of (−)-Menthol. DL-Menthol 89-78-1 Receptor Transporter/Ion induces surgical anesthesia for fish that relates to the activation of Channel; GABAA receptor. Neuronal Signaling HY-Y1718 NSC 25955 Endogenous Metabolic NSC 25955 is an endogenous metabolite. 638-53-9 Metabolite Enzyme/Protease HY-Y1809 1- Endogenous Metabolic 1-Hydroxyoctadecane is an endogenous metabolite. 112-92-5 Hydroxyoctadecane Metabolite Enzyme/Protease HY-Y1829 Hydratropaldehyde 93-53-8 HY-Y1878 Copper sulfate 7758-98-7 HY-Y1879 Manganese 7785-87-7 sulfate HY-Y1880 Carbonic acid sodium salt, hydrate HY-Y1883 Hydrol SW 9002-93-1 HY-Y1885 Tetrasodium 7722-88-5 pyrophosphate HY-Y1888 Corn oil Others Others Corn oil, extracted from the germ of corn, can be used as a carrier for drug 8001-30-7 molecules. HY-Y1890 Cremophor EL Others Others Cremophor EL is a polyethoxylated surfactant. 61791-12-6 HY-Y1891 Tween 80 Others Others Tween 80 is a surfactant which can also reduce bacterial attachment and 9005-65-6 inhibit biofilm formation. HY-Y1892 Gelucire 44/14 Others Others Gelucire 44/14 is a potential and safe absorption enhancer for improving 121548-04-7 the absorption of poorly absorbable drugs including insulin and calcitonin by pulmonary delivery. HY-Z0041 Benzaldehyde 1125-88-8 dimethyl acetal HY-Z0453 Methyl 2- 606-45-1 methoxybenzoate HY-Z0478 (−)-Limonene Others Others (−)-Limonene ((S)-(−)-Limonene) is a monoterpene found in many pine- 5989-54-8 needle oils and in turpentine. (−)-Limonene can induce a mild bronchoconstrictive effect. TCG0275 Copper (II) 527-09-3 Gluconate

Additional information about the additional ingredients listed in Table 1 (e.g., the ingredient's target, pathway, and/or biological activity) can be determined from publicly available databases and websites. As an example, the American Chemical Society's website (see, the World Wide Web at cas.org), the Chemical Book (at the World Wide Web chemicalbook.com), and/or Med Chem Express (see, the World Wide Web at medchemexpress.com) provide relevant information for the additional ingredients; this information can be obtained by searching the website using an ingredient's name or CAS number. The contents of these websites, with respect to the additional ingredients listed in Table 1, are incorporated by references in their entireties.

Compositions of the present disclosure are formulated to be suitable for in vivo administration to a mammal. Such compositions can optionally comprise a suitable amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient so as to provide the form for proper administration. Pharmaceutical excipients can be aqueous liquids, such as water or saline. Pharmaceutical excipients can be lipid based, e.g., comprising a liquid or solid oil. In addition, auxiliary, stabilizing, thickening, lubricating, and coloring agents can be used. The pharmaceutically acceptable excipients are sterile when administered to a subject. Water is a useful excipient when any composition described herein is administered parentally or in some oral formulations. In embodiments, the compositions described herein are suspended in a saline buffer (including, without limitation Ringer's, TBS, PBS, HEPES, HBSS, and the like). Saline solutions and aqueous dextrose and glycerol solutions can also be employed as liquid excipients, specifically for injectable solutions. Suitable pharmaceutical excipients also include starch, glucose, lactose, sucrose, glycerol monostearate, mannitol, sodium chloride, dried skim milk, glycerol, propylene, glycol, water, ethanol and the like. Any composition described herein, if desired, can also comprise pH buffering agents.

In embodiments, the compositions of the present disclosure are formulated for oral administration, for injection, or for topical administration. Administering the composition may comprise intravenous injection or infusion, intraperitoneal injection, intramuscular injection, or subcutaneous injection.

The compositions suitable for parenteral administration (e.g., intravenous injection or infusion, intraarterial injection or infusion, intramuscular injection, intraperitoneal injection, subcutaneous injection, and intra-arterial injection or infusion) include, for example, solutions, suspensions, dispersions, emulsions, and the like, or in another acceptable format used in methods well known in the art.

Compositions suitable for enteral administration (e.g., oral administration) may be formulated as a liquid, a suspension, a gel, a geltab, a semisolid, a tablet, a sachet, a lozenge, a pill, or a capsule, or in another acceptable format used in methods well known in the art.

In some embodiments, the active ingredient (disulfiram) and the potentiating ingredient (TBHQ) are formulated into a single composition, e.g., for oral administration. In some cases, disulfiram and TBHQ are combined into a single tablet or pill during manufacturing of the tablet or pill or by a compounding company/laboratory. Alternately, disulfiram and TBHQ are combined into a single capsule by combining the contents of capsules containing disulfiram and capsules containing TBHQ. Additionally, powders or pellets of disulfiram and TBHQ may be otherwise obtained and compounded into pills/tablets or combined into capsules.

As described above, a composition of the present disclosure may further comprise one or more additional ingredients (e.g., from Table 1). The one or more additional ingredients may be formulated into the single tablet, pill, or capsule with disulfiram and TBHQ.

In other embodiments, the active ingredient that is disulfiram and potentiating ingredient that is TBHQ are formulated into distinct compositions, e.g., for oral administration. In some cases, disulfiram is present in a single tablet, pill, or capsule and the TBHQ is present in another tablet, pill, or capsule. Further, a third composition, tablet, pill, or capsule may include one or more additional ingredients (e.g., from Table 1).

When the composition is for oral administration and is in solid form (e.g., a pill, tablet, or capsule), the composition may comprise delay-release components. For example, a pill, tablet, or capsule may comprise a coating that slows release of the agents and/or prevents release of disulfiram and/or the one or more additional ingredients until the pill, tablet, or capsule has arrived at a desired location of the mammal's digestive system.

Compositions suitable for topical administration can be formulated in a solution, gel, lotion, ointment, cream, suspension, paste, liniment, powder, tincture, aerosol, patch, or the like in a pharmaceutically or cosmetically acceptable format used in methods well known in the art.

Compositions may be suitable for administration via inhalation. Such formulation will likely be in liquid form and will be delivered in a spray bottle, in an inhaler, or in a nebulizer. Inhaled compositions are particularly suited for diseases and disorder, including infections, that affect the mammal's respiratory system and/or are transmitted via the mammal's respiratory system.

The dosage of any herein-disclosed composition or compositions can depend on several factors including the characteristics of the mammal to be administered. Examples of characteristics include species, strain, breed, sex, age, weight, size, health, and/or disease status. Moreover, the dosage may depend on whether the administration is the first time the subject received a composition of the present disclosure or if the subject has previously received a composition of the present disclosure. Additionally, pharmacogenomic (the effect of genotype on the pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic or efficacy profile of a composition) information about a particular subject may affect dosage used. Furthermore, the exact individual dosages can be adjusted somewhat depending on a variety of factors, including the specific composition being administered, the time of administration, the route of administration, the nature of the formulation, and the rate of excretion. Some variations in the dosage can be expected.

Moreover, the dosage may depend on the specific ingredients administered.

In embodiments, the active agent (disulfiram) and/or the potentiating ingredient (TBHQ) are encapsulated in a microcapsules. Disulfiram may be encapsulated in one microcapsule and TBHQ may be encapsulated into another microcapsule. Disulfiram and TBHQ may be encapsulated into one microcapsule. Disulfiram may be encapsulated in one microcapsule and TBHQ may not be encapsulated. Disulfiram may not be encapsulated and TBHQ may be encapsulated in a microcapsule. The microcapsule may be a liposome, an albumin microsphere, a microemulsion, a nanoparticle (e.g., a lipid nanoparticle), and a nanocapsule. In embodiments, microcapsules, e.g., lipid nanoparticles and liposomes, include lipids selected from one or more of the following categories: cationic lipids; anionic lipids; neutral lipids; multi-valent charged lipids; and zwitterionic lipids. In some cases, a cationic lipid and/or cationic polymer may be used to facilitate a charge-charge interaction with disulfiram and/or the one or more additional ingredients. The microcapsule may comprise a PEGylated lipid. Examples of microcapsules and methods for manufacturing the same are described in the art. See, e.g., Prui et al., Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst., 2009; 26(6): 523-580; Wakasar, J Drug Target, 2018, 26(4):311-318, Langer, 1990, Science 249:1527-1533; Treat et al., in “Liposomes in the Therapy of Infectious Disease and Cancer”, Lopez-Berestein and Fidler (eds.), Liss, New York, pp. 353-365 (1989); Pelaz et al. “Diverse applications of nanomedicine.” (2017): 2313-2381; the contents of each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Further, one or more additional ingredients (e.g., from Table 1) may be encapsulated and the disulfiram and/or TBHQ may be encapsulated, the one or more additional ingredients may be unencapsulated and disulfiram and/or TBHQ may be unencapsulated, and/or combinations thereof.

In embodiments, a composition may comprise one or more of capralactone, polylactide (PLA), polylactic-co-glycolic (PLGA), polyethylene glycol (PEG), polylactic-co-hydroxymethylglycolic acid (PLHMGA), carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxylmethylcellulose, gelatin-microcapsules, a poloxamer, or polymethylmethacrylate.

Disulfiram, as active agent, and TBHQ, as potentiating ingredient, may be administered to a subject in need thereof once per day, twice per day, or thrice per day. Disulfiram and TBHQ may be administered to a subject in need thereof once a week, twice a week, three times a week, four times a week, five times a week, or six times a week. Disulfiram and TBHQ may be administered to a subject in need thereof once a month, twice a month, three times a month, or four times a month.

When disulfiram and TBHQ are administered separately, i.e., in distinct compositions, the administration route of the first composition and the second composition may be the same or may be different. In one example, the first composition and the second composition are administrated orally. In one example, the first composition and the second composition are administrated by inhalation. In another example, the first composition is administrated orally and the second composition is by injection, inhalation, or topically. In yet another example, the first composition is administrated by inhalation and the second composition is by injection, orally, or topically.

Another aspect of the present disclosure is a composition comprising disulfiram as active agent and TBHQ as potentiating ingredient for use in any herein disclosed method. Yet another aspect of the present disclosure is a first composition comprising disulfiram and a second composition comprising TBHQ for use in any herein disclosed method.

Compositions of the present disclosure are formulated to be suitable for contacting a cell or an immune cell in vitro or ex vivo. In such embodiments, disulfiram and the one or more additional ingredients are formulated into a solution. The solute chosen depends on characteristics of the compound. For example, a water-soluble compound may be included in an aqueous solution, which comprises water or saline. A water-insoluble compound may be included in a non-aqueous solution, e.g., which comprises a lipid-based fluid or other hydrocarbon-based fluid. Disulfiram and the one or more additional ingredients may be formulated into a single solution. Alternately, disulfiram and the one or more additional ingredients may be formulated into distinct solutions.

Effectiveness of disulfiram and a specific additional ingredients may be validated in a pyroptosis inhibition assay. See, e.g., Example 3.

Illustrative Metal Additional Ingredients

In embodiments, the one or more additional ingredients is a metal. The metal may be selected from aluminum, calcium, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, potassium, sodium, or zinc. Disulfiram has been shown to chelate certain metals and/or to be useful in the context of cancer treatments. See, e.g., Viola-Rhenals et al. “Recent Advances in Antabuse (Disulfiram): The Importance of its Metal-binding Ability to its Anticancer Activity”, Curr Med Chem. 2018 Feb. 12; 25(4): 506-524; WO2018081309A1; and WO2019094053A1. The contents of each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

The metal may be in the form of any metal salt or metal ester described in the present FDA's list of food additives, e.g., as listed in Table 1.

In embodiments, the metal is aluminum, calcium, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, potassium, sodium, or zinc.

In embodiments, aluminum is in the form of aluminum hydroxide, aluminum oxide, or aluminum potassium disulfate dodecahydrate.

In embodiments, calcium is in the form of anhydrous calcium sulfate, calcium carbonate, calcium citrate tetrahydrate, calcium gluconate, calcium glycerol phosphate, calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate, calcium hydroxide, calcium lactate, calcium orthophosphate, or calcium phosphate.

In embodiments, copper is in the form of copper (II) gluconate, copper sulfate, or copper (I) iodide.

In embodiments, iron is in the form of ferric ammonium citrate, iron, iron (II) fumarate, or iron (II) sulfate heptahydrate.

In embodiments, magnesium is in the form of magnesium hydroxide, magnesium oxide, or magnesium silicate.

In embodiments, manganese is in the form of manganese dichloride or manganese sulfate.

In embodiments, potassium is in the form of dipotassium carbonate, potassium bromide, or potassium chloride.

In embodiments, sodium is in the form of disodium 5′-inosinate, disodium succinate, sodium benzoate, sodium carbonate, sodium chloride, sodium citrate (dihydrate), sodium dodecyl sulfate, sodium formate, sodium gluconate, sodium thiosulfate (pentahydrate), or trisodium citrate.

In embodiments, zinc is in the form of zinc sulfate (heptahydrate).

In some embodiments, the dosage of disulfiram may be about 0.1-60 units and the amount of the one or more additional ingredients, which is a metal, may be about 1 unit, where disulfiram ranges from 5-500 mg. The amount of a metal (is an above-described form) may between 0.1 mg to 30 mg. In an embodiment, the amount of the metal is between 1.5 mg and 3 mg. In embodiments, the metal is copper or zinc and approximately 1.5 mg of the metal is administered.

Illustrative Methods

The present disclosure provides a method for increasing lifespan in a mammal, for preventing or treating disease including an aging-related disorder in a mammal, for reducing a symptom of aging in a mammal, and/or boosting an immune system in a mammal. The methods comprise administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of disulfiram as active agent and TBHQ as potentiating ingredient. Disulfiram and TBHQ may be administered with one or more of the additional ingredients listed in Table 1.

In embodiments, route of administration is oral, by injection, inhalation, or topical. In embodiments, the injection is intravenous injection or infusion, intraperitoneal injection, intramuscular injection, or subcutaneous injection.

In embodiments, one composition comprising disulfiram is administered and a second composition comprising TBHQ is administered. In other embodiments, one composition comprising both disulfiram and TBHQ is administered.

In embodiments, the mammal is near or has reached maturity.

In embodiments, the mammal is nearing or has reached halfway to its expected lifespan for the mammal's species, size, sex, age, and/or health status. In embodiments, the mammal has reached an age that is at least 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or 100% of its expected lifespan for the mammal's species, size, sex, age, and/or health status.

In embodiments, increasing lifespan comprises an at least 5% increase in lifespan relative to the expected or median lifespan of a mammal of similar species, sex, age, and/or health status. In embodiments, increasing lifespan comprises an at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, or at least 25% increase in lifespan.

In embodiments, the mammal is a human, mouse, rat, guinea pig, dog, cat, horse, cow, pig, rabbit, sheep, or non-human primate, such as a monkey, chimpanzee, or baboon. In embodiments, the mammal is a human.

Without wishing to be bound by theory, the active agent disulfiram and the potentiating ingredient TBHQ (with or without one or more additional ingredients, e.g., of Table 1) mitigates dysfunction of or rejuvenates a signaling pathway disrupted by aging where the dysfunction can ultimately lead to aging-related disorders. In embodiments, the aging-related disorder or symptom of aging selected from one or more of actinic keratosis, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), alopecia, Alzheimer's disease, arthritis, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), bone atrophy, cachexia, cancer (e.g., a skin cancer such as basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)), cardiomyopathy, cataracts, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, constipation, decrease in overall energy, decrease in visual acuity, delirium, dementia, depression, dermal atrophy (thinning of the skin), diminished peripheral vision, dry eye, greater risk of heat stroke or hypothermia, hearing loss, hypertension, increased susceptibility to infection (including influenza and pneumonia), lentigines (aging spots), memory loss, metabolic syndrome, muscle atrophy (e.g., Sarcopenia and myopenia), frailty, muscle repair or rejuvenation deficiency, muscular dystrophy, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, periodontitis, photoaging, reduced metabolism (including increased risk for obesity), reduced reflexes and coordination including difficulty with balance, respiratory disease (including acute lung injury (ALI) and/or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)), rheumatoid arthritis, sarcopenic obesity, sexual dysfunction, shingles, type 2 diabetes, urologic changes (including incontinence), vaginal atrophy, whitening or graying of hair, prolonged/inefficient wound healing, wrinkling/sagging skin (including loss of skin elasticity), and xerosis cutis (skin dryness). In embodiments, the aging-related disorder or symptom of aging is actinic keratosis, dermal atrophy (thinning of the skin), lentigines (aging spots), photoaging, vaginal atrophy, prolonged/inefficient wound healing, wrinkles, and/or xerosis cutis (skin dryness) and the administration route is oral or topical. In embodiments, the mammal has at least one aging-related disorder or symptom of aging. A non-human mammal may have an aging-related disorder or symptom of aging that is homologous to the aging-related disorder or symptom of aging listed above.

In an embodiment, a composition comprising disulfiram and TBHQ, or distinct compositions of a first composition comprising disulfiram and a second composition comprising TBHQ (with or without one or more additional ingredients, e.g., of Table 1) are administered to a mammal, e.g., a human, for preventing or treating a respiratory disease or disorder, e.g., acute lung injury (ALI) and/or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Administration of the composition(s) is by intravenous injection or infusion, intraperitoneal injection, intramuscular injection, or subcutaneous injection, with a dose depending on the quantity of composition(s) needing to be administered. Alternately, the composition(s) are administered orally, by inhalation, or topically. Combinations of administration routes may be used. Treatment is identified as an improvement in the administered mammal in one or more of the following symptoms severe shortness of breath, labored and unusually rapid breathing, low blood pressure, and confusion and extreme tiredness. The improvement may be relative to the pre-administration state for the mammal. The underlying cause for the ALI and/or ARDS may be sepsis (e.g., a serious and widespread infection of the bloodstream); inhalation of a harmful substance (e.g., smoke, chemical fumes, asbestos, dust, particulates, vomit, and water); viral or bacterial pneumonia (which may affect up to all five lobes of the lungs) and other respiratory disorders including those caused by a coronavirus (e.g., SARS, MERS, and COVID-19), influenzas (influenza A, influenza B, or parainfluenza), pneumococcal infection, adenovirus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), enterovirus and/or other respiratory viral infections; and a head, chest or other major injury; or another cause (e.g., pancreatitis which is inflammation of the pancreas, a massive blood transfusion, and severe burns). In some embodiments, ALI differs from ARDS in that ALI exists during early stage of a respiratory disease and ARDS exists during a later state of the respiratory disease. In some, the composition or compositions prevent or treat idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and/or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

In an embodiment, a composition comprising disulfiram and TBHQ, or distinct compositions of a first composition comprising disulfiram and a second composition comprising TBHQ (with or without one or more additional ingredients, e.g., of Table 1) are administered to a mammal, e.g., a human, for treating dry eye. The composition(s) may be administered topically (e.g., via eye drops or an eye ointment), with a dose depending on the quantity of composition(s) needing to be administered.

In an embodiment, a composition comprising disulfiram and TBHQ, or distinct compositions of a first composition comprising disulfiram and a second composition comprising TBHQ (with or without one or more additional ingredients, e.g., of Table 1) are administered to a mammal, e.g., a human, for treating alopecia. The composition(s) may be administered topically (e.g., gel, lotion, ointment, cream, suspension, paste, liniment, powder, tincture, or aerosol or via an impregnated solid support (e.g., a patch)), with a dose depending on the quantity of composition(s) needing to be administered. The composition may be administered orally, by injection, or by inhalation.

In an embodiment, a composition comprising disulfiram and TBHQ, or distinct compositions of a first composition comprising disulfiram and a second composition comprising TBHQ (with or without one or more additional ingredients, e.g., of Table 1) are administered to a mammal, e.g., a human, for treating a skin disorder, e.g., wrinkles, which may be a result of photoaging or related to actinic keratosis. Other skin disorders include dermal atrophy (thinning of the skin), lentigines (aging spots), vaginal atrophy, prolonged/inefficient wound healing, and/or xerosis cutis (skin dryness). The composition(s) may be formulated as a gel, lotion, ointment, cream, suspension, paste, liniment, powder, tincture, or aerosol or administered via an impregnated solid support (e.g., a patch)). The composition(s) may be administered orally or topically, with a dose depending on the quantity of composition(s) needing to be administered. Alternately, the composition(s) may be administered by injection or by inhalation. Combinations of administration routes may be used.

In an embodiment, a composition comprising disulfiram and TBHQ, or distinct compositions of a first composition comprising disulfiram and a second composition comprising TBHQ (with or without one or more additional ingredients, e.g., of Table 1) are administered to a mammal, e.g., a human, for treating a skin cancer, e.g., (e.g., basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)). The compositions may be administered topically, with a dose depending on the quantity of composition needing to be administered. The compositions may be formulated as a gel, lotion, ointment, cream, suspension, paste, liniment, powder, tincture, or aerosol or administered via an impregnated solid support (e.g., a patch)). Alternately, the composition may be administered orally, by injection, or by inhalation. Combinations of administration routes may be used.

In embodiments, a therapeutically effective amount of disulfiram as active agent and TBHQ as potentiating ingredient (with or without one or more additional ingredients, e.g., of Table 1) treats or prevents a disease or a symptom thereof; as examples, the disease may be asthma, deafness, or a viral infections and a symptom thereof may be sepsis.

In embodiments, a therapeutically effective amount of the active agent disulfiram and the potentiating ingredient TBHQ (with or without one or more additional ingredients, e.g., of Table 1) boosts the immune system in the mammal.

As shown in Example 2, cells from older donors treated with disulfiram exhibited phenotypes of younger cells in response to viral infection. Further, disulfiram reduced inflammasome-mediated pyroptotic cell death. Importantly, the combination of disulfiram and TBHQ showed a synergistic effect on reduction of inflammasome activation, as shown in Example 3.

In embodiments, boosting the immune system increases an effective immune response against an infectious agent. In embodiments, the infectious agent is a virus, a bacterium, a fungus, a protozoan, a helminth, a prion, or a parasite. In embodiments, the bacterium is Bordatella pertussis or Streptococcocus pneumoniae or the virus is a Chickenpox virus, Coronavirus, Hepatitis A virus, Hepatitis B virus, Human papillomavirus, Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), influenza, Japanese encephalitis virus, Measles, mumps, or rubella virus, Poliovirus, Rabies virus, Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), Rotavirus, Shingles virus, Smallpox, Varicella virus, or Yellow fever virus. In embodiments, the Coronavirus is Sars-CoV-2. In embodiments, when the infectious agent affects the mammal's respiratory system or is transmitted via the mammal's respiratory system and the route of administration is by inhalation.

In embodiments, the route of administration is oral or by inhalation.

In embodiments, the mammal has a healthy immune system. In embodiments, the mammal has an unhealthy immune system, dysfunctional immune system, and/or weakened immune system.

The present disclosure provides an in vivo method for increasing lifespan of a cell and/or boosting activity of an immune cell comprising contacting the cell or the immune cell with disulfiram as active agent and TBHQ as potentiating ingredient. In some embodiments, the immune cell is contacted with disulfiram and TBHQ and one or more of the additional ingredients listed in Table 1. In such in vivo methods, disulfiram and TBHQ (with or without one or more additional ingredients) are administered to a subject, e.g., parenterally or enterally, and disulfiram and TBHQ (with or without the one more additional ingredients) contacts the cell or immune cell within the subject, e.g., by being carried through the subject's blood stream or the subject's lymphatic system or within extracellular spaces.

The present disclosure provides an in vitro or ex vivo method for increasing lifespan of a cell and/or boosting activity of an immune cell, the method comprises contacting the cell or the immune cell with a disulfiram as active agent and TBHQ as potentiating ingredient (with or without one or more of the additional ingredients listed in Table 1). Here, the cell or the immune cell is in a culturing vessel, e.g., a petri dish, tissue culture plate, or culture flask, and disulfiram and TBHQ (at least) are added to a medium (e.g., growth medium or buffer solution) surrounding the cell or immune cell.

In some methods, the one or more additional ingredients is a metal (e.g., copper and zinc).

Boosting the Immune System

Another aspect of the present disclosure is a method for boosting the immune system in a mammal.

The method for boosting an immune system in a mammal comprises administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of disulfiram as active agent and TBHQ as potentiating ingredient, with or without one or more of the additional ingredients listed in Table 1.

In embodiments, boosting the immune system increases an effective immune response against an infectious agent. In embodiments, the infectious agent is a virus, a bacterium, a fungus, a protozoan, a helminth, a prion, or a parasite. In embodiments, the bacterium is Bordatella pertussis or Streptococcocus pneumoniae. In embodiments, the virus is selected from Alphavirus, BK virus, Bunyaviridae, Chickenpox virus, Colorado tick fever virus (CTFV), Coronaviruse, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, Cytomegalovirus, Dengue viruses (DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3 and DEN-4), Ebolavirus (EBOV), Enteroviruses, mainly Coxsackie A virus and enterovirus 71 (EV71), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Flaviviruses, Guanarito virus, Heartland virus, Hendra virus, Hepatitis A virus, Hepatitis B virus, Hepatitis C virus, Hepatitis D Virus, Hepatitis E virus, Herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2), Human bocavirus (HBoV), Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) and human herpesvirus 7 (HHV-7), Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Human metapneumovirus (hMPV), Human papillomaviruses (HPV), Human parainfluenza viruses (HPIV), Influenza, Japanese encephalitis virus, JC virus, Junin virus, Lassa virus, Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), Machupo virus, Marburg virus, Measles virus, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV), Monkeypox virus, Mumps virus, Nipah virus, Norovirus, Orthomyxoviridae species, Parvovirus B19, Poliovirus, Rabies virus, Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), Rhinovirus, Rift Valley fever virus, Rotavirus, Rubella virus, Sabia virus, SARS coronavirus, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), Shingles virus, Sin Nombre virus, Smallpox, Varicella zoster virus (VZV), Variola major or Variola minor, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, West Nile virus, Yellow fever virus, and Zika virus. In embodiments, the Coronavirus is Sars-CoV-2.

In embodiments, when the infectious agent affects the mammal's respiratory system or is transmitted via the mammal's respiratory system and the route of administration is by inhalation.

In embodiments, the route of administration is oral or by inhalation.

In some cases, the mammal has a healthy immune system. In other cases, the mammal has an unhealthy immune system, dysfunctional immune system, and/or weakened immune system.

In embodiments, the term dysfunctional immune system may be an overactive immune system, e.g., resulting in a cytokine storm; such overactive immune systems are observed in certain viral infections, e.g., in some severe coronavirus patients. In various embodiments, “boosting the immune system”, relates to “boosting” a proper (e.g., non-pathological) immune response. That is, minimizing an overactive immune response.

In embodiments, the mammal is nearing or has reached halfway to its expected lifespan for the mammal's species, size, sex, age, and/or health status. In embodiments, the aged mammal has reached an age that is at least 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or 100% of its expected lifespan for the mammal's species, size, sex, age, and/or health status.

Of course, any mammal may benefit from a boost in the immune system. Thus, the compositions and methods for boosting the immune system can be used with aged and with non-aged mammals.

In embodiments, the route of administration is oral, by injection, inhalation, or topical. The administration route may comprise intravenous injection or infusion, intraperitoneal injection, intramuscular injection, or subcutaneous injection.

In embodiments, one composition comprising the active agent that is disulfiram is administered and a second composition comprising the potentiating ingredient that is TBHQ. In other embodiments, one composition comprising both disulfiram and TBHQ is administered. In some embodiments, one or more additional ingredients, e.g., of Table 1, is included in the composition with disulfiram and TBHQ, in the composition with disulfiram, in the composition with TBHQ, or in a composition without disulfiram or TBHQ.

In methods for boosting the immune system in a mammal, the one or more additional ingredients may be a metal (e.g., copper and zinc).

Improving a Vaccine Response

The present disclosure also provides a method for improving effectiveness of a vaccine in a mammal in need thereof. The method comprises administering a therapeutically effective amount of disulfiram as active agent and TBHQ as potentiating ingredient, with or without one or more of the additional ingredients listed in Table 1. Here, the mammal may contemporaneously and/or subsequently be administered a vaccine.

In embodiments, disulfiram and TBHQ (with or without one or more additional ingredients, e.g., of Table 1) and the vaccine are administered contemporaneously. In embodiments, the vaccine is administered subsequent to administering disulfiram and TBHQ, with or without one or more additional ingredients.

In embodiments, a therapeutically effective amount of disulfiram and TBHQ (with or without the one or more of the additional ingredients) boosts the immune system in the mammal. In embodiments, boosting the immune system increases an immune response against a component contained in the vaccine. In embodiments, the increased immune response promotes future immunity against the component contained in the vaccine.

It has been reported in the art that aged mammals respond less strongly to vaccines than mammal who are less aged. Accordingly, methods for improving effectiveness of a vaccine in an aged mammal are needed.

In embodiments, an aged mammal is nearing or has reached halfway to its expected lifespan for the mammal's species, size, sex, age, and/or health status. In embodiments, the aged mammal has reached an age that is at least 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or 100% of its expected lifespan for the mammal's species, size, sex, age, and/or health status.

Influenza is problematic in older adults with increased risk for serious complications and hospitalization. In addition, approximately 90% of flu-related deaths occur in this population, with influenza and pneumonia being the eighth leading cause of death among persons over 65 years of age in the United States. Even when death is avoided, older adults have an increased risk for secondary complications and morbidities from flu infection. Depending on how successful the WHO predicts the influenza strains causing seasonal epidemics, the produced vaccines show efficacy rates between 60% and 90%. However, vaccine effectiveness in adults aged 65 and older is usually significantly lower, ranging from an average of 28% protection against fatal and nonfatal complications (with large dispersion), 39% protection against typical influenza-like illness, and 49% protection against disease with confirmed virus infection. Influenza vaccine effectiveness is a significant problem in elderly as compared to young individuals and is associated with high rates of complicated illness including pneumonia, heart attacks, and strokes in the >65-year-old population.

Furthermore, the outbreak of the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has had devastating effects on the aged and those with pre-existing health conditions. A mammal would particularly benefit from a composition of the present disclosure and methods of administering the same to improve effectiveness of a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine.

Of course, mammals who are not aged may benefit from improved effectiveness of a vaccine. Thus, the compositions and methods for improving effectiveness of a vaccine can be used with non-aged mammals.

In some cases, the mammal has an unhealthy immune system, dysfunctional immune system, and/or weakened immune system. In other cases, the mammal has a healthy immune system.

In embodiments, the term dysfunctional immune system may be an overactive immune system, e.g., resulting in a cytokine storm; such overactive immune systems are observed in certain viral infections, e.g., in some severe coronavirus patients. In various embodiments, “improving a vaccine response”, relates to “improving” a proper (e.g., non-pathological) immune response to a vaccine and, later, when a subject is contacted with an infectious agent. That is, minimizing an overactive immune response and promoting a proper immune response.

In embodiments, the increased immune response promotes future immunity against the component contained in the vaccine. In embodiments, the component contained in the vaccine is an antigen obtained from, related to, homologous to, or expressed by an infectious agent.

In embodiments, the vaccine is a Chickenpox vaccine, Coronavirus vaccine, Diphtheria vaccine, Hepatitis A vaccine, Hepatitis B vaccine, Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine, Human Immunovirus (HIV) vaccine, Human papillomavirus vaccine, influenza vaccine, Japanese encephalitis vaccine, Measles, mumps, or rubella (including MMR combined vaccine) vaccine, Meningococcal disease vaccine, Pneumococcal disease vaccine, Polio vaccine, Rabies vaccine, Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccine, Rotavirus vaccine, Shingles vaccine, Smallpox vaccine, Tetanus vaccine, Varicella virus vaccine, Whooping cough (part of the DTaP combined vaccine) vaccine, or Yellow fever vaccine. In embodiments, the vaccine is a coronavirus vaccine, e.g., directed against Sars-CoV-2.

In embodiments, disulfiram and TBHQ (with or without one or more of the additional ingredients) is administered orally, by injection, by inhalation, or topically. In embodiments, the vaccine is administered orally, by injection, by inhalation, or topically. In embodiments, the injection is intravenous injection or infusion, intraperitoneal injection, intramuscular injection, or subcutaneous injection.

In embodiments, one composition comprising disulfiram as active agent is administered and a second composition comprising TBHQ as potentiating ingredient is administered. Here, a third composition comprising on or more additional ingredients, e.g., of Table 1, is administrated. In other embodiments, one composition comprising both disulfiram and TBHQ (with or without the one or more additional ingredients) is administered.

In methods for improving effectiveness of a vaccine, the one or more additional ingredients may be a metal (e.g., copper and zinc).

2. Reducing the Predicted Age of Cell

An aspect of the present disclosure is a method for reducing a predicted biological age of a cell. The method comprises contacting the cell with a therapeutically effective amount of the active agent disulfiram and the potentiating ingredient TBHQ, with or without one or more additional ingredients listed in Table 1.

As shown in Example 2, cells from older donors treated with disulfiram exhibited phenotypes similar to younger donors. For instance, disulfiram significantly reduced several proinflammatory cytokines and significantly reduced the percentage of mitochondria with reticular shape. In addition, T cells from older donors treated with disulfiram exhibited a younger phenotype as compared to untreated controls.

In embodiments, the cell is in vitro, ex vivo, or in vivo.

In methods for reducing a predicted biological age of a cell, the one or more additional ingredients may be a metal (e.g., copper and zinc).

Assays and formulations used in methods for reducing a predicted biological age of a cell may be related to those described in US20190228840, the entire contents of which is incorporated by reference its entirety.

Aging-Related Disorders

The herein-disclosed compositions and methods treat, prevent, reduce the severity of, and/or delay the onset of various aging-related disorders, e.g., chronic diseases and disabilities/conditions of aging. Illustrative aging-related disorders include actinic keratosis, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), alopecia, Alzheimer's disease, arthritis, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), bone atrophy, cachexia, cancer (e.g., a skin cancer including basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)), cardiomyopathy, cataracts, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), constipation, decrease in overall energy, decrease in visual acuity, delirium, dementia, depression, dermal atrophy (thinning of the skin), diminished peripheral vision, dry eye, greater risk of heat stroke or hypothermia, hearing loss, hypertension, increased susceptibility to infection (including influenza and pneumonia), lentigines (aging spots), memory loss, metabolic syndrome, muscle atrophy (e.g., Sarcopenia and myopenia), frailty, muscle repair or rejuvenation deficiency, muscular dystrophy, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, periodontitis, photoaging, reduced metabolism (including increased risk for obesity), reduced reflexes and coordination including difficulty with balance, respiratory disease (including acute lung injury (ALI) and/or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)), rheumatoid arthritis, sarcopenic obesity, sexual dysfunction, shingles, type 2 diabetes, urologic changes (including incontinence), vaginal atrophy, whitening or graying of hair, wrinkling/sagging skin (including loss of skin elasticity), and xerosis cutis (skin dryness). Aged non-human subjects experience similar, homologous, and/or equivalent aging-related disorders.

Without wishing to be bound by theory, disulfiram and the one or more additional ingredients mitigates dysfunction of or rejuvenates a signaling pathway disrupted by aging where the dysfunction can ultimately lead to aging-related disorders.

3. Inhibiting Pyroptosis

In any of the herein-disclosed aspects and embodiments, use of disulfiram as active agent and TBHQ as potentiating ingredient, with or without one or more additional ingredients, e.g., of Table 1, inhibits pyroptosis of a cell.

Pyroptosis is a highly inflammatory form of programmed cell death that occurs most frequently upon infection with intracellular pathogens and is likely to form part of the antimicrobial innate immune response. Pyroptosis results in a distinct morphology by a unique mechanism compared to those of other forms of cell death. For example, unlike apoptosis-type programmed cell death, in a cell that undergoes pyroptosis, gasdermin D pores are formed on the plasma membrane, resulting in water influx and cell lysis, and in some cases, release of IL-10, IL-18 and HMGB1.

The potentiating ingredient TBHQ enhances disulfiram's ability to inhibit pyroptosis, as shown in Example 3.

Subjects

In embodiments, the subject is a mammal, e.g., a human, mouse, rat, guinea pig, dog, cat, horse, cow, pig, rabbit, sheep, or non-human primate, such as a monkey, chimpanzee, or baboon. In embodiments, the mammal is a non-rodent. In embodiments, the mammal is a dog. In embodiments, the subject is a non-human animal, and therefore the invention pertains to veterinary use. In a specific embodiment, the non-human animal is a household pet, e.g., a dog. In another specific embodiment, the non-human animal is a livestock animal. In embodiments, the mammal is a human.

In embodiments, the mammal has reached maturity. As used herein, the term mature or maturity, and the like, refers to a mammal that is capable of sexual reproduction and/or a mammal that has achieved its adult height and/or length.

In embodiments, the mammal is nearing or has reached halfway to its expected lifespan for the mammal's species, size, sex, age, and/or health status. The mammal may have reached an age that is at least 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or 100% of its expected lifespan for the mammal's species, size, sex, age, and/or health status.

In embodiments, the human is an adult human. In embodiments, the human has an age in a range of from about 10 to about 15 years old, from about 15 to about 20 years old, from about 20 to about 25 years old, from about 25 to about 30 years old, from about 30 to about 35 years old, from about 35 to about 40 years old, from about 40 to about 45 years old, from about 45 to about 50 years old, from about 50 to about 55 years old, from about 55 to about 60 years old, from about 60 to about 65 years old, from about 65 to about 70 years old, from about 70 to about 75 years old, from about 75 to about 80 years old, from about 80 to about 85 years old, from about 85 to about 90 years old, from about 90 to about 95 years old or from about 95 to about 100 years old, or older.

In some cases, the mammal has an unhealthy immune system, dysfunctional immune system, and/or weakened immune system. In other cases, the mammal has a healthy immune system.

Further Embodiments

Embodiment 1: A method for increasing lifespan in a mammal, for preventing or treating disease including an aging-related disorder in a mammal, for reducing a symptom of aging in a mammal, and/or boosting an immune system in a mammal comprising: administering to the mammal one or more compositions that each or together comprise an active agent that is disulfiram and a potentiating ingredient that is tert-Butylhydroquinone (TBHQ).

Embodiment 2: An in vivo, in vitro, or ex vivo method for increasing lifespan of a cell and/or boosting activity of an immune cell comprising contacting the cell or the immune cell with one or more compositions that each or together comprise an active agent that is disulfiram and a potentiating ingredient that is tert-Butylhydroquinone (TBHQ).

Embodiment 3: The method of embodiment 1 or embodiment 2, wherein one composition is administered that consists essentially of disulfiram and TBHQ.

Embodiment 4: The method of embodiment 1 or embodiment 2, wherein more than one composition is administered with a first composition consisting essentially of disulfiram and with a second composition consisting essentially of TBHQ.

Embodiment 5: The method of any one of embodiments 1 to 4, wherein the one or more compositions independently further comprises one or more additional ingredients from Table 1.

Embodiment 6: The method of any one of embodiments 1 to 5, wherein the administering is oral, by injection, inhalation, or topical.

Embodiment 7: The method of any one of embodiments 1 to 6, wherein the mammal is near or has reached maturity.

Embodiment 8: The method of any one of embodiments 1 to 6, wherein the mammal is nearing or has reached halfway to its expected lifespan for the mammal's species, size, sex, age, and/or health status.

Embodiment 9: The method of any one of embodiments 1 to 6, wherein the mammal has reached an age that is at least 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or 100% of its expected lifespan for the mammal's species, size, sex, age, and/or health status.

Embodiment 10: The method of any one of embodiments 1 to 9, wherein the mammal is a human, mouse, rat, guinea pig, dog, cat, horse, cow, pig, rabbit, sheep, or non-human primate, such as a monkey, chimpanzee, or baboon.

Embodiment 11: The method of embodiment 10, wherein the mammal is a human.

Embodiment 12: The method of any one of embodiments 1 to 11, wherein increasing lifespan comprises an at least 5% increase in lifespan relative to the expected or median lifespan of a mammal of similar species, sex, age, and/or health status.

Embodiment 13: The method of embodiment 12, wherein increasing lifespan comprises an at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, or at least 25% increase in lifespan.

Embodiment 14: The method of any one of embodiments 1 to 13, wherein the aging-related disorder or symptom of aging selected from one or more of actinic keratosis, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), alopecia, Alzheimer's disease, arthritis, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), bone atrophy, cachexia, cancer (e.g., a skin cancer including basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)), cardiomyopathy, cataracts, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), constipation, decrease in overall energy, decrease in visual acuity, delirium, dementia, depression, dermal atrophy (thinning of the skin), diminished peripheral vision, dry eye, greater risk of heat stroke or hypothermia, hearing loss, hypertension, increased susceptibility to infection (including influenza and pneumonia), lentigines (aging spots), memory loss, metabolic syndrome, muscle atrophy (e.g., Sarcopenia and myopenia), frailty, muscle repair or rejuvenation deficiency, muscular dystrophy, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, periodontitis, photoaging, reduced metabolism (including increased risk for obesity), reduced reflexes and coordination including difficulty with balance, respiratory disease (including acute lung injury (ALI) and/or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)), rheumatoid arthritis, sarcopenic obesity, sexual dysfunction, shingles, type 2 diabetes, urologic changes (including incontinence), vaginal atrophy, whitening or graying of hair, prolonged/inefficient wound healing, wrinkling/sagging skin (including loss of skin elasticity), and xerosis cutis (skin dryness); or the disease includes asthma, deafness, or a viral infections and/or a symptom of the disease comprises sepsis.

Embodiment 15: The method of embodiment 14, wherein the aging-related disorder or symptom of aging is actinic keratosis, dermal atrophy (thinning of the skin), lentigines (aging spots), photoaging, vaginal atrophy, prolonged/inefficient wound healing, wrinkles, and/or xerosis cutis (skin dryness) and wherein the administering is oral or topical.

Embodiment 16: The method of embodiment 14 or embodiment 15, wherein the mammal has at least one aging-related disorder or symptom of aging.

Embodiment 17: The method of any one of embodiments 1 to 16, wherein the disulfiram and the TBHQ boosts the immune system in the mammal.

Embodiment 18: The method of embodiment 17, wherein boosting the immune system increases an effective immune response against an infectious agent.

Embodiment 19: The method of embodiment 18, wherein the infectious agent is a virus, a bacterium, a fungus, a protozoan, a helminth, a prion, or a parasite.

Embodiment 20: The method of embodiment 19, wherein the bacterium is Bordatella pertussis or Streptococcocus pneumoniae or the virus is a Chickenpox virus, Coronavirus, Hepatitis A virus, Hepatitis B virus, Human papillomavirus, Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), influenza (e.g., Influenza A, Influenza B, and parainfluenza), Japanese encephalitis virus, Measles, mumps, or rubella virus, Poliovirus, Rabies virus, Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), Rotavirus, Shingles virus, Smallpox, Varicella virus, or Yellow fever virus.

Embodiment 21: The method of embodiment 20, wherein the Coronavirus is Sars-CoV-2.

Embodiment 22: The method of any one of embodiments 18 to 21, wherein the infectious agent affects the mammal's respiratory system or is transmitted via the mammal's respiratory system and wherein the administering is orally or by inhalation.

Embodiment 23: The method of any one of embodiments 1 to 22, wherein the mammal has a healthy immune system.

Embodiment 24: The method of any one of embodiments 1 to 22, wherein the mammal has an unhealthy immune system, dysfunctional immune system, and/or weakened immune system.

Embodiment 25: A method for improving effectiveness of a vaccine in a mammal in need thereof, the method comprises administering a therapeutically effective amount of one or more compositions that each or together comprise an active agent that is disulfiram and a potentiating ingredient that is tert-Butylhydroquinone (TBHQ), wherein the mammal contemporaneously and/or subsequently will be administered a vaccine.

Embodiment 26: The method of embodiment 25, wherein one composition is administered that consists essentially of disulfiram and TBHQ.

Embodiment 27: The method of embodiment 25, wherein more than one composition is administered with a first composition consisting essentially of the disulfiram and with a second composition consisting essentially of TBHQ.

Embodiment 28: The method of any one of embodiments 25 to 27, wherein the one or more compositions independently further comprises one or more additional ingredients from Table 1.

Embodiment 29: The method of any one of embodiments 25 to 28, wherein the one or more compositions and the vaccine are administered contemporaneously.

Embodiment 30: The method of any one of embodiments 25 to 29, wherein the vaccine is administered subsequent to administering the one or more composition.

Embodiment 31: The method of any one of embodiments 25 to 30, wherein the therapeutically effective amount of the one or more compositions boosts the immune system in the mammal.

Embodiment 32: The method of embodiment 31, wherein boosting the immune system increases an immune response against a component contained in the vaccine.

Embodiment 33: The method of embodiment 32, wherein the increased immune response promotes future immunity against the component contained in the vaccine.

Embodiment 34: The method of any one of embodiments 25 to 33, wherein the component contained in the vaccine is an antigen obtained from, related to, homologous to, or expressed by an infectious agent.

Embodiment 35: The method of any one of embodiments 25 to 34, wherein the vaccine is a Chickenpox vaccine, Coronavirus vaccine, Diphtheria vaccine, Hepatitis A vaccine, Hepatitis B vaccine, Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine, Human Immunovirus (HIV) vaccine, Human papillomavirus vaccine, influenza vaccine, Japanese encephalitis vaccine, Measles, mumps, or rubella (including MMR combined vaccine) vaccine, Meningococcal disease vaccine, Pneumococcal disease vaccine, Polio vaccine, Rabies vaccine, Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccine, Rotavirus vaccine, Shingles vaccine, Smallpox vaccine, Tetanus vaccine, Varicella virus vaccine, Whooping cough (part of the DTaP combined vaccine) vaccine, or Yellow fever vaccine.

Embodiment 36: The method of embodiment 34, wherein the vaccine is a coronavirus vaccine, e.g., Sars-CoV-2.

Embodiment 37: The method of any one of embodiments 25 to 36, wherein the mammal has a healthy immune system.

Embodiment 38: The method of any one of embodiments 25 to 36, wherein the mammal has an unhealthy immune system, dysfunctional immune system, and/or weakened immune system.

Embodiment 39: The method of any one of embodiments 25 to 38, wherein the administering of the one or more compositions is oral, by injection, inhalation, or topical.

Embodiment 40: The method of any one of embodiments 25 to 39, wherein the administering of the vaccine is oral, by injection, inhalation, or topical.

Embodiment 41: The method of any one of embodiments 1 to 40, wherein the disulfiram is administered in a dose from about 5 to about 500 mg.

Embodiment 42: The method of any one of embodiments 1 to 41, wherein the TBHQ is administered in a dose from about 0.02% to about 56% of the weight of the disulfiram.

Embodiment 43: The method of any one of embodiments 1, 2, 4-25, or 27-42, wherein the one or more compositions independently further comprises a metal.

Embodiment 44: The method of embodiment 43, wherein the metal aluminum, calcium, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, potassium, sodium, or zinc.

Embodiment 45: The method of embodiment 44, wherein the metal is aluminum hydroxide, aluminum oxide, aluminum potassium disulfate dodecahydrate, anhydrous calcium sulfate, calcium carbonate, calcium citrate tetrahydrate, calcium gluconate, calcium glycerol phosphate, calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate, calcium hydroxide, calcium lactate, calcium orthophosphate, calcium phosphate, copper (II) gluconate, copper sulfate, copper (I) iodide, ferric ammonium citrate, iron, iron (II) fumarate, iron (II) sulfate heptahydrate, magnesium hydroxide, magnesium oxide, magnesium silicate, manganese dichloride, manganese sulfate, dipotassium carbonate, potassium bromide, potassium chloride, disodium 5′-inosinate, disodium succinate, sodium benzoate, sodium carbonate, sodium chloride, sodium citrate (dihydrate), sodium dodecyl sulfate, sodium formate, sodium gluconate, sodium thiosulfate (pentahydrate), trisodium citrate, or zinc sulfate (heptahydrate).

Embodiment 46: The method of embodiment 45 wherein the metal is copper (II) gluconate, copper sulfate, copper (I) iodide, or zinc sulfate (heptahydrate).

Embodiment 47: The method of any one of embodiments 42 to 46, wherein the amount of the metal is between about 0.1 mg to about 30 mg.

Embodiment 48: The method of embodiment 47, wherein the amount of the metal is between about 1.5 mg and 3 mg.

Embodiment 49: The method of embodiment 48, wherein the metal is copper or zinc and approximately 1.5 mg of the metal is administered per dose.

Embodiment 50: A method for reducing a predicted biological age of a cell comprising contacting the cell with a therapeutically effective amount of one or more compositions that each or together comprise an active agent that is disulfiram and a potentiating ingredient that is tert-Butylhydroquinone (TBHQ).

Embodiment 51: The method of embodiment 50, wherein one composition is administered that consists essentially of disulfiram and TBHQ.

Embodiment 52: The method of embodiment 50, wherein more than one composition is administered with a first composition consisting essentially of disulfiram and with a second composition consisting essentially of TBHQ.

Embodiment 53: The method of any one of embodiments 50 to 52, wherein the one or more compositions independently further comprises one or more additional ingredients from Table 1.

Embodiment 54: The method of any one of embodiments 50 to 53, wherein the cell is in vitro, ex vivo, or in vivo.

Embodiment 55: The method of any one of embodiments 1 to 54, wherein the disulfiram inhibits pyroptosis of a cell.

Embodiment 56: The method of embodiment 55, wherein the TBHQ potentiates disulfiram's inhibition of pyroptosis of a cell.

Embodiment 57: The method of any one of embodiments 1 to 56, wherein the one or more compositions inhibits pyroptosis of a cell.

Embodiment 58: One or more compositions that each or together comprise an active agent that is disulfiram and a potentiating ingredient that is TBHQ for use in the method of any one of embodiments 1 to 56.

Embodiment 59: The one or more compositions of embodiment 58, wherein the disulfiram is in an amount from about 5 mg to about 500 mg.

Embodiment 60: The one or more compositions of embodiment 58 or embodiment 59, wherein the TBHQ is in an amount from about 0.02% to about 56% of the weight of the disulfiram.

Embodiment 61: A composition comprising an active agent that is disulfiram and a potentiating ingredient that is tert-Butylhydroquinone (TBHQ).

Embodiment 62: The composition of embodiment 61, wherein the composition consists essentially of disulfiram and TBHQ.

Embodiment 63: The composition of embodiment 61 or embodiment 62, further comprising one or more additional ingredients from Table 1.

Embodiment 64: The composition of any one of embodiments 61 to 63, wherein the disulfiram is in an amount from about 5 mg to about 500 mg.

Embodiment 65: The composition of any one of embodiments 61 to 64, wherein the TBHQ is in an amount from about 0.02% to about 56% by weight of the disulfiram.

REFERENCES

The following references are incorporated into this disclosure: Hu et al., “FDA-approved disulfiram inhibits pyroptosis by blocking gasdermin D pore formation.” Nature Immunology (2020): 1-10; Liu et al., “Inflammasome-activated gasdermin D causes pyroptosis by forming membrane pores.” Nature. 2016; 535(7610):153-158; McCarthy A. “Disulfiram inhibits inflammatory gatekeeper protein: Could it be helpful in COVID-19”. Boston Children's Press Release. 10 May 2020; WO2020006229A1; Lin, et al. “Disulfiram can inhibit MERS and SARS coronavirus papain-like proteases via different modes”. Antiviral Res. 2018; 150:155-163; Loo and Clarke “Blockage of drug resistance in vitro by disulfiram, a drug used to treat alcoholism.” J Natl Cancer Inst. 2000; 92(11):898-902; and Sauna et al., “The molecular basis of the action of disulfiram as a modulator of the multidrug resistance-linked ATP binding cassette transporters MDR1 (ABCB1) and MRP1 (ABCC1).” Mol Pharmacol. 2004; 65(3):675-684. Each of the above-mentioned documents is incorporated by reference in its entirety

DEFINITIONS

The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular cases only and is not intended to be limiting.

The term “disulfiram” includes the compound disulfiram itself as well as its metabolites and/or derivatives. The term “additional ingredient(s)” includes the additional ingredient(s) as well as its/their metabolites, derivatives, and/or precursors.

As used herein, unless otherwise indicated, the terms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well as the single forms, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.

The terms “comprise”, “comprising”, “contain,” “containing,” “including”, “includes”, “having”, “has”, “with”, or variants thereof as used in either the present disclosure and/or in the claims, are intended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term “comprising.”

By preventing is meant, at least, avoiding the occurrence of a disease and/or reducing the likelihood of acquiring the disease. By treating is meant, at least, ameliorating or avoiding the effects of a disease, including reducing a sign or symptom of the disease.

The term “about” or “approximately” means within an acceptable error range for the particular value as determined by one of ordinary skill in the art, which will depend in part on how the value is measured or determined, e.g., the limitations of the measurement system. For example, “about” can mean 10% greater than or less than the stated value. In another example, “about” can mean within 1 or more than 1 standard deviation, per the practice in the given value. Where particular values are described in the application and claims, unless otherwise stated the term “about” should be assumed to mean an acceptable error range for the particular value.

By “one or more” is meant at least one, e.g., one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten or more.

The “boosting the immune system”, in various embodiments, relates to “boosting” a proper (e.g., non-pathological) immune response. In some cases, this will minimize an overactive immune response. In embodiments, the term dysfunctional immune system may be an overactive immune system, e.g., resulting in a cytokine storm; such overactive immune systems are observed in certain viral infections, e.g., in some severe coronavirus patients. In other cases, this will improve, activate, and/or enhance a proper immune response, e.g., when exposed to a vaccine comprising an antigen obtained from, related to, homologous to, or expressed by an infectious agent, when exposed to an infectious agent, and/or when exposed to an atypical cell in need of being attacked by an immune cell.

Any aspect or embodiment described herein can be combined with any other aspect or embodiment as disclosed herein.

EXAMPLES

The following examples are given for the purpose of illustrating various embodiments of the invention and are not meant to limit the present invention in any fashion. The present examples, along with the methods described herein are presently representative of preferred embodiments, are exemplary, and are not intended as limitations on the scope of the invention. Changes therein and other uses which are encompassed within the spirit of the invention as defined by the scope of the claims will occur to those skilled in the art.

Example 1: Identification of Combinations of Disulfiram and Potentiating Ingredients Useful in Methods of the Present Disclosure

In this example, disulfiram and potentiating ingredients capable of increasing lifespan in a mammal, of preventing or treating a disease including an aging-related disorder in a mammal, of reducing a symptom of aging in a mammal, and/or of boosting an immune system were identified.

Sets of cultured cells—fibroblasts, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs including lymphocytes and monocytes, and/or myoblasts having either characteristics of young cells or characteristics of old cells were contacted with a combination of disulfiram and one or more potentiating ingredients from Table 1. The ability of disulfiram and one or more potentiating ingredients to reverse aging in the cells, e.g., reducing the characteristics of old cells and promoting characteristics of a young cells was assayed (also known as reducing the predicted age of the cells). Disulfiram and one or more potentiating ingredients were used at various concentrations ranging from 0.000005 to 80 μM. In some cases, the concentration of disulfiram was as high as 80 μM and the concentration of the potentiating ingredient was as high as 25 μM. Combinations of disulfiram and one or more potentiating ingredients showing the ability to reverse aging were further validated.

Assays and formulations used in this example are related to those described in US20190228840, the entire contents of which is incorporated by reference its entirety.

In this experiment, TBHQ was identified as a potentiating ingredient.

Example 2: Phenotypic Effect of Disulfiram on Immune Cells

In this example, disulfiram was shown to modify quantifiable parameters in virally infected cells from older donors that reflects those observed in cells from younger donor.

Whole blood from younger and older donors was collected into EDTA tubes and then diluted with an equal volume of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)+2% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and layered over Ficoll using SepMate™-50 tubes (STEMCELL Technologies Inc., Vancouver, Canada). Cells were centrifuged at 1200 g for 10 min at room temperature, and the top plasma layer was removed. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were collected, washed with PBS+2% FBS, and counted using acridine orange/propidium iodide using a Cellometer® Vision CBA (Nexcelom Bioscience, Lawrence, Mass., USA). PBMCs were cryopreserved in CryoStor® CS10 (BioLife Solutions, Bothell, Wash., USA), frozen using CoolCell® FTS30 freezing containers (BioCision, San Rafael, Calif., USA), and stored in the liquid nitrogen vapor phase until use.

Specific cell types were isolated from the PBMC fraction using the following kits (STEMCELL Technologies Inc.) per manufacturer's recommendations: EasySep™ Human T Cell Enrichment Kit (T cells); EasySep™ Human B Cell Enrichment Kit (B cells); EasySep™ Human NK Cell Enrichment Kit (NK cells); and EasySep™ Human Monocyte Enrichment Kit (monocytes). T cells (CD3+), B cells (CD19+), natural killer (NK) cells (CD59+), and monocytes (CD14+) were isolated based on their customarily defined gene expression markers. Isolated cells were counted using acridine orange/propidium iodide on a Cellometer Vision CBA and then cryopreserved as described above until use.

After cells undertook a 30-min adhesion onto a 384-well assay plate, 10 μL of 5× trigger medium (including vesicular stomatitis virus encoding a red fluorescent protein (rVSV-ΔG-mCherry), DMSO, test compound, and FBS) was added to the assay plate using a 384-well pipetting head to achieve a final concentration of rVSV-ΔG-mCherry at 10×MOI, 0.1% DMSO, 10% FBS, and 0.33 μM or 5.3 μM compound concentration. The assay plate was centrifuged for 1 min at 138×g and incubated for 24 h at 37° C. with 5% humidity.

rVSV-ΔG-mCherry infected monocytes and macrophages, which subsequently created a highly inflamed environment for the lymphocytes and other cells. rVSV-ΔG-mCherry was used because of its ability to model the innate immune activation pathways of prevalent respiratory RNA viruses and because it was safe to use in a high-throughput laboratory with biosafety level one.

Virally infected cells were contacted with different concentrations of disulfiram (e.g., 0.00 μM, 0.02 μM, 0.10 μM, 0.33 μM, 1.65 μM, 6.25 μM, and 25.02 μM).

Cytokine levels in the cellular supernatant were evaluated using the FirePlex-HT assay system with the Human Cytokines FirePlex-HT Panel 1 (ab234897; Abcam). Morphological/cellular phenotypes were assayed.

Disulfiram demonstrated notable effects on cellular phenotypes in older immune cells that were suggestive of a rejuvenation of the response to infection.

Disulfiram significantly reduced several proinflammatory cytokines when compared with old untreated controls. MCP1, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNFα all significantly decreased in at least 2 doses (FIG. 1A). Again, the reduction in MCP1 followed a downward dose response (0.02 μM [P=0.35]; 0.1 [P=0.04]; 0.33 μM [P<0.001]; 1.65 μM [P<0.001]; 6.25 μM [P<0.001]; 25.02 μM [P<0.001]; FIG. 1A). IL-1β was significantly reduced after the second lowest dose, then stayed significantly low for all higher doses (0.02 μM [P=0.28]; 0.1 μM [P=0.005]; 0.33 μM [P=0.001]; 1.65 μM [P=0.004]; 6.25 μM [P=0.004]; 25.02 μM [P<0.001]; FIG. 1A). These anti-inflammatory effects caused disulfiram showing its potential to improve older viral immune responses to infection.

Disulfiram improved the appearance of virally infected cells. Untreated and treated PBMCs were exposed to 10×MOI rVSV, yet, at several doses, disulfiram made the cells appear like they were responding to a lower viral load. Compared with old controls, which appeared to be responding to 10×MOI rVSV, the higher doses of disulfiram made the cells appear to be responding to a lower viral load (0.02 μM [P=0.63]; 0.1 μM [P=0.01]; 0.33 μM [P=0.43]; 1.65 μM [P=0.05]; 6.25 μM [P<0.001]; 25.02 μM [P<0.001]). The higher doses of disulfiram also significantly reduced the percentage of the mitochondria with a reticular shape (0.02 μM [P=0.04]; 0.1 μM [P=0.42]; 0.33 μM [P<0.001]; 1.65 [P<0.001]; 6.25 μM [P<0.001]; 25.02 μM [P<0.001]; FIG. 1B). Both of these effects restore important phenotypes of the older viral immune response.

T cells treated with disulfiram also exhibited a much younger phenotype compared with old untreated controls. The first two doses of disulfiram saw a significant rejuvenating effect on the T-cell age scores in the multi-phenotype aging profiles (0.02 μM [P<0.001]; 0.1 μM [P=0.005]; FIG. 1C). The higher doses of disulfiram also saw significant, beneficial reductions in the T-cell age score (0.33 [P<0.001]; 1.65 μM [P<0.001]; 6.25 μM [P<0.001]; 25.02 μM [P<0.001]; FIG. 1C).

Similar trends were seen with the “on-age” and “off-age” scores. Compared with controls, the “on-age” T-cell score significantly shifted in the young direction after treatment with disulfiram (0.02 [P=0.003]; 0.1 μM [P=0.11]; 0.33 μM [P<0.001]; 1.65 μM [P<0.001]; 6.25 μM [P<0.001]; 25.02 μM [P<0.001]; FIG. 1D). The “off-age” score also had a significant effect but only in the higher doses (0.02 [P=0.26]; 0.1 μM [P=0.44]; 0.33 μM [P<0.001]; 1.65 μM [P=0.008]; 6.25 μM [P=0.003]; 25.02 μM [P=0.01]; FIG. 1D). All these beneficial shifts in age-related phenotypes show the strong beneficial potential of disulfiram for treating dysfunction in the older viral immune response.

Machine learning model predictions of the immune response resulting from different viral loads (at 0.1×, 1×, and 10×MOI) were notably different with disulfiram treatment compared with untreated control cells. At higher disulfiram concentrations, the model indicated that monocytes responded at a lower MOI than did untreated control cells.

Together, disulfiram restored multiple aspects of the viral immune response of older adults to a younger state demonstrating its usefulness in therapeutic methods of the present disclosure.

Disulfiram also appeared to operate via several anti-inflammatory mechanisms, including an ability to inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated pyroptotic cell death. The inflammasome-blocking mechanisms of disulfiram ultimately inhibits pyroptosis by stopping formation of pores in the cell membrane that lead to cell lysis and release of proinflammatory molecules such as IL-1β and IL-18. The data presented herein show that disulfiram restores aspects of the old viral immune response.

These data demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory and rejuvenating effects by disulfiram. Disulfiram reduced the proinflammatory cytokines MCP1, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNFα while also rejuvenating several other features in aging profile such as T-cell age score, viral load response, and mitochondrial function. These immunomodulatory mechanisms could be related to the ability of disulfiram to block the final step in inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis and cytokine release. Disulfiram may also operate by ultimately reducing pore formation on the cell membrane of neutrophils, which would allow for the release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), a process known as NETosis. Both of these mechanisms make disulfiram an attractive treatment for hyperinflammatory infections such as COVID-19 and sepsis. Disulfiram has already been shown to protect mice from lethal lipopolysaccharide-induced septic shock. By targeting any of these mechanisms, disulfiram may be a useful agent for treating infection, e.g., caused by a virus such as SARS-CoV2.

Sera from patients with severe COVID-19 demonstrated increased NETs and an autopsy of a lung specimen from a patient with COVID-19 showed extensive neutrophil infiltration. Proinflammatory cytokines in patients with severe COVID-19 were significantly higher than in moderate cases. This includes elevated levels of IL-1β that result from inflammasome activation. Given the relationship between NETosis, the inflammasome, and COVID-19 pathology, the ability of disulfiram to target these pathways, treatments with disulfiram could provide substantial clinical benefit.

In addition to improving host response, disulfiram may have antiviral effects on SARS-CoV2. Disulfiram has been shown to inhibit papain-like proteases of deadly coronaviruses such as Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and SARS-CoV1, which may disrupt the replication and IFN suppression mechanisms of these viruses. This experiment is performed by contacting the virus-infected cells with different concentrations of disulfiram in combination of TBHQ. Cell parameters such as cytokine levels and morphological/cellular phenotypes are assayed to demonstrate potential to improve old immune response to infection.

Example 3: Synergistic Effect of Disulfiram and TBHQ

A luciferase assay was performed as described briefly: 125 k THP1 pyroptosis reporter cells/ml final density were plated on 384 well plates and incubated with disulfiram, TBHQ, or disulfiram and TBHQ for 20 minutes. 1 μg/ml LPS was added to the wells, and the plate was incubated for 3 hours, followed by addition of 10 μM nigericin. After three hours, supernatants were harvested and the presence of HMGB1 luciferase reporter protein was quantified using QUANTI-Luc.

FIG. 2 shows the effect on pyroptosis of the combination of disulfiram and TBHQ as compared to each individual compound. FIG. 3 shows the potentiating effects of varying constant concentrations of TBHQ added to disulfiram titration curves.

Inhibition of pyroptosis was assessed by inducing inflammasome activation in THP1 HMGB1 Lucia cells (Invivogen). These cells code for a luciferase reporter protein (HMGB1) that is released from cells during pyroptosis. HMGB1 levels in the supernatant can therefore be used to quantify pyroptosis.

Concentration matrices of disulfiram titration curves mixed with titration curves of TBHQ were tested. Disulfiram curves at each concentration of TBHQ were plotted and fit using a log(agonist) vs. response variable slope (four parameters) least squares fit model. The diagonal of each matrix was representative of a dose response curve of disulfiram plus TBHQ combinations titrated at a constant ratio.

Synergy Assessment of Disulfiram Combinations

Synergy fold ratio was measured by calculating the ratio of actual effect over expected effect: [(TBHQ+disulfiram)/no treatment]/[(disulfiram alone/no treatment)×(TBHQ alone/no treatment)] at each concentration combination. Values greater than 1 were considered synergistic.

Synergy using the Loewe additivity model was calculated using synergyfinder package on R (software environment for statistical computing and graphics; see the World Wide Web (at) /bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/vignettes/synergyfinder/inst/doc/synergyfinder.pdf, the contents of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety). The Loewe additivity model assumes the null hypothesis that a combination of drugs is the same as increasing the concentration of either drug alone (i.e. the effect is simply additive rather than the drugs interacting to produce a greater effect).

y_(e) is the effect as if a drug is combined with itself, i.e., y^(e)=y₁(x₁+x₂)=y₂(x₁+x₂).

Using R, the synergy score is calculated using ye, and determined to be the difference between the observed effect and the expected effect. Score negativity or positivity determines whether the combination is synergistic or antagonist, respectively. Loewe S. (1953), The problem of synergism and antagonism of combined drugs. Arzneimittelforschung 3, 285-290; Loewe, S. (1928). Die quantitativen probleme der pharmakologie. Ergebnisse Physiol. 27, 47-187, the contents of which is incorporated by referenced in its entirety.

FIG. 4A to FIG. 4C show the synergistic effect of the combination of disulfiram and TBHQ mediated inhibition of pyroptosis.

IC50 Calculations

IC50s were calculated using the log(agonist) vs. response variable slope (four parameters) least squares fit model from the GraphPad Prism software package.

The percent difference between disulfiram alone and each disulfiram+TBHQ curve was calculated, and two replicates for each condition were averaged. Statistical significance was determined using a standard Student's t-test (unpaired, 2-tailed).

Individual curves for disulfiram alone, TBHQ alone, and the combination of the two were plotted as log of the relative concentrations of each. In these experiments, disulfiram and TBHQ were titrated equally with different starting concentrations of disulfiram and TBHQ and so the relative ratio of disulfiram:TBHQ was maintained across the entire curve. The concentrations were normalized so that 1 is set as the median for each curve, and the curves are plotted as 1.5× dilution series.

Curves of disulfiram+constant concentrations of TBHQ were plotted using the log of disulfiram concentration.

FIG. 5 is a table showing the percent leftward shift in IC50 mediated by TBHQ relative to disulfiram alone in a dose-dependent matter, while TBHQ alone has no effect on pyroptosis inhibition or IC50. Accordingly, these data show synergistic effects on pyroptotic inhibition when cells are subjected to a combination of disulfiram and TBHQ.

Example 4: Methods that Comprise Administering Disulfiram and TBHQ

In this example, a composition comprising disulfiram and TBHQ, or distinct compositions of a first composition comprising disulfiram and a second composition comprising TBHQ are administered to a mammal, e.g., a human, for increasing lifespan, for preventing or treating a disease including an aging-related disorder, for reducing a symptom of aging, and/or boosting an immune system (e.g., for treating an infection).

The dose of disulfiram is from about 5 mg to about 500 mg. The dose of the TBHQ is from about 0.001 mg to about 280 mg.

Administration of the compositions is by intravenous injection or infusion, intraperitoneal injection, intramuscular injection, or subcutaneous injection, with a dose depending on the quantity of composition needing to be administered. Alternately, the compositions are administered orally, by inhalation, or topically. Combinations of administration routes may be used.

The mammal's lifespan is measured and the presence, absence, and/or severity of various aging-related disorders are determined; these are compared to control mammals and/or to historical controls to determine the effectiveness of the composition administered.

The mammal may be aged or not aged.

The mammal may have a healthy immune system or the mammal may have an unhealthy immune system, dysfunctional immune system, and/or weakened immune system.

Illustrative diseases treated in this example may be asthma, deafness, or a viral infections and an illustrative symptom thereof may be sepsis.

Assays and formulations used in this example are related to those described in US20190228840, the entire contents of which is incorporated by reference its entirety.

Example 5: Methods for Preventing and/or Treating a Respiratory Disease or Disorder

In this example, a composition comprising disulfiram and TBHQ, or distinct compositions of a first composition comprising disulfiram and a second composition comprising TBHQ are administered to a mammal, e.g., a human, for preventing and/or treating a respiratory disease or disorder, e.g., acute lung injury (ALI) and/or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).

The dose of disulfiram is from about 5 mg to about 500 mg. The dose of the TBHQ is from about 0.001 mg to about 280 mg.

Administration of the compositions is by intravenous injection or infusion, intraperitoneal injection, intramuscular injection, or subcutaneous injection, with a dose depending on the quantity of composition needing to be administered. Alternately, the compositions are administered orally, by inhalation, or topically. Combinations of administration routes may be used.

Treatment is identified as an improvement in the administered mammal in one or more of the following symptoms severe shortness of breath, labored and unusually rapid breathing, low blood pressure, and confusion and extreme tiredness. The improvement may be relative to the pre-administration state for the mammal.

The mammal may be aged or not aged.

The underlying cause for the ALI and/or ARDS may be sepsis (e.g., a serious and widespread infection of the bloodstream); inhalation of a harmful substance (e.g., smoke, chemical fumes, asbestos, dust, particulates, vomit, and water); viral or bacterial pneumonia (which may affect up to all five lobes of the lungs) and other respiratory disorders including those caused by a coronavirus (e.g., SARS, MERS, and COVID-19), influenzas (influenza A, influenza B, or parainfluenza), pneumococcal infection, adenovirus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), enterovirus and/or other respiratory viral infections; and a head, chest or other major injury; or another cause (e.g., pancreatitis which is inflammation of the pancreas, a massive blood transfusion, and severe burns).

In some embodiments, ALI differs from ARDS in that ALI exists during early stage of a respiratory disease and ARDS exists during a later state of the respiratory disease.

In some embodiments, the composition or compositions prevent or treat idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and/or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Example 6: Methods for Improving a Vaccine Response

In this example, a composition comprising disulfiram and TBHQ, or distinct compositions of a first composition comprising disulfiram and a second composition comprising TBHQ are administered to a mammal, e.g., a human, for improving effectiveness of a vaccine that is administered to the mammal.

The dose of disulfiram is from about 5 mg to about 500 mg. The dose of the TBHQ is from about 0.001 mg to about 280 mg.

The compositions may be administered by intravenous injection or infusion, intraperitoneal injection, intramuscular injection, or subcutaneous injection, with a dose depending on the quantity of composition needing to be administered. Alternately, the composition may be administered orally, by inhalation, or topically. Combinations of administration routes may be used.

Administration of the vaccine may be by intravenous injection or infusion, intraperitoneal injection, intramuscular injection, or subcutaneous injection, with a dose depending on the quantity of composition needing to be administered. Alternately, the vaccine may be administered orally, by inhalation, or topically.

In some cases, the composition(s) comprising the combination of disulfiram and/or TBHQ and the vaccine are administered contemporaneously. In other cases, the vaccine is administered subsequent to the administration of the combination(s) of disulfiram and/or one or more additional ingredients. In some cases, the vaccine is administered before the administration of the combination(s) of disulfiram and/or TBHQ. A subject may be administered vaccines and/or combination(s) of disulfiram and/or one TBHQ multiple times and in any order.

The vaccine may be a Chickenpox vaccine, Coronavirus vaccine, Diphtheria vaccine, Hepatitis A vaccine, Hepatitis B vaccine, Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine, Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccine, Human papillomavirus vaccine, influenza vaccine, Japanese encephalitis vaccine, Measles, mumps, or rubella (including MMR combined vaccine) vaccine, Meningococcal disease vaccine, Pneumococcal disease vaccine, Polio vaccine, Rabies vaccine, Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccine, Rotavirus vaccine, Shingles vaccine, Smallpox vaccine, Tetanus vaccine, Varicella virus vaccine, Whooping cough (part of the DTaP combined vaccine) vaccine, or Yellow fever vaccine. In embodiments, the vaccine is a coronavirus vaccine. In embodiments, the coronavirus vaccine is directed against Sars-CoV-2.

The mammal may be aged or not aged.

The mammal may have a healthy immune system or the mammal may have an unhealthy immune system, dysfunctional immune system, and/or weakened immune system.

The mammal's ability to fend off a subsequent infection is determined and compared to mammals and/or historical controls who were only administered the vaccine.

The mammal's ability to later produce antibodies directed to an infectious agent (related to the vaccine) is determined and compared to mammals and/or historical controls who were only administered the vaccine.

Example 7: Methods for Treating Skin Disorders

In this example, a composition comprising disulfiram and TBHQ, or distinct compositions of a first composition comprising disulfiram and a second composition comprising TBHQ are administered to a mammal, e.g., a human, for treating a skin disorder.

The dose of disulfiram is from about 5 mg to about 500 mg. The dose of the TBHQ is from about 0.001 mg to about 280 mg.

The compositions may be administered orally or topically, with a dose depending on the quantity of composition needing to be administered. The compositions may be formulated as a gel, lotion, ointment, cream, suspension, paste, liniment, powder, tincture, or aerosol or administered via an impregnated solid support (e.g., a patch)). Alternately, the composition may be administered by injection or by inhalation. The composition(s) may be administered orally. Combinations of administration routes may be used.

The mammal has a skin disorder, e.g., wrinkles, which may be a result of photoaging or related to actinic keratosis. Other skin disorders the mammal may have includes dermal atrophy (thinning of the skin), lentigines (aging spots), vaginal atrophy, prolonged/inefficient wound healing, and/or xerosis cutis (skin dryness). In examples, the mammal has moderate skin aging (i.e., Glogau Classification III).

The composition's or compositions' ability to treat a skin disorder, e.g., wrinkles, is determined and compared to the mammal before administration and/or to historical controls who were not administered the composition or compositions. For example, the determination relates to a change in the Glogau Classification.

Example 8: Methods for Treating Dry Eye

In this example, a composition comprising disulfiram and TBHQ, or distinct compositions of a first composition comprising disulfiram and a second composition comprising TBHQ are administered to a mammal, e.g., a human, for treating dry eye.

The dose of disulfiram is from about 5 mg to about 500 mg. The dose of the TBHQ is from about 0.001 mg to about 280 mg.

The compositions may be administered topically, with a dose depending on the quantity of composition needing to be administered. The compositions may be formulated as eye drops or as eye ointments.

The composition's or compositions' ability to treat dry eyes, is determined and compared to the mammal before administration and/or to historical controls who were not administered the composition or compositions.

Example 9: Methods for Treating Alopecia

In this example, a composition comprising disulfiram and TBHQ, or distinct compositions of a first composition comprising disulfiram and a second composition comprising TBHQ are administered to a mammal, e.g., a human, for treating alopecia.

The dose of disulfiram is from about 5 mg to about 500 mg. The dose of the TBHQ is from about 0.001 mg to about 280 mg.

The compositions may be administered topically, with a dose depending on the quantity of composition needing to be administered. The compositions may be formulated as a gel, lotion, ointment, cream, suspension, paste, liniment, powder, tincture, or aerosol or administered via an impregnated solid support (e.g., a patch)). Alternately, the composition may be administered by injection or by inhalation. The composition(s) may be administered orally. Combinations of administration routes may be used.

The composition's or compositions' ability to treat alopecia, is determined and compared to the mammal before administration and/or to historical controls who were not administered the composition or compositions.

Example 10: Methods for Treating a Skin Cancer

In this example, a composition comprising disulfiram and TBHQ, or distinct compositions of a first composition comprising disulfiram and a second composition comprising TBHQ are administered to a mammal, e.g., a human, for treating a skin cancer, e.g., (e.g., basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)).

The dose of disulfiram is from about 5 mg to about 500 mg. The dose of the TBHQ is from about 0.001 mg to about 280 mg.

The compositions may be administered topically, with a dose depending on the quantity of composition needing to be administered. The compositions may be formulated as a gel, lotion, ointment, cream, suspension, paste, liniment, powder, tincture, or aerosol or administered via an impregnated solid support (e.g., a patch)). Alternately, the composition may be administered by injection or by inhalation. The composition(s) may be administered orally. Combinations of administration routes may be used.

The composition's or compositions' ability to treat the skin cancer, e.g., BCC and SCC, is determined and compared to the mammal before administration and/or to historical controls who were not administered the composition or compositions.

Example 11: Methods that Comprise Administering a First Composition and a Second Composition

In this example, a first composition comprises a therapeutically effective amount of disulfiram and a second composition comprising TBHQ are administered to a mammal for increasing lifespan, for preventing or treating a disease including an aging-related disorder, for reducing a symptom of aging, and/or boosting an immune system.

The dose of disulfiram is from about 5 mg to about 500 mg. The dose of the TBHQ is from about 0.001 mg to about 280 mg.

The first composition is administered orally, by inhalation, injection, or topically. The second composition is administered orally, by inhalation, injection, or topically. The administration route of the first composition and the second composition may be the same or may be different.

The first composition may be administered before the second composition is administered.

The first composition may be administered after the second composition is administered.

The first composition and the second composition may be administered contemporaneously (either by combining the two compositions or by administering the two compositions at nearly the same time).

The mammal's lifespan is measured and the presence, absence, and/or severity of various aging-related disorders are determined; these are compared to control mammals and/or to historical controls to determine the effectiveness of the first composition administered. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for inhibiting and/or reducing pyroptotic cell death in a cell, the method comprising contacting the cell with an active agent that is disulfiram and a potentiating ingredient that is tert-Butylhydroquinone (TBHQ), thereby inhibiting and/or reducing pyroptotic cell death, wherein the amount of disulfiram is from about 5 mg to about 500 mg and the amount of TBHQ is from about 0.02% to about 56% by weight of disulfiram and a combination of disulfiram and TBHQ provides a synergistic effect.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein disulfiram and TBHQ are included in one composition and the composition consists essentially of disulfiram and TBHQ.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the method comprises contacting the cell with a first composition consisting essentially of disulfiram and contacting the cell with a second composition consisting essentially TBHQ.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein inhibiting and/or reducing pyroptotic cell death in the cell increases the lifespan of the cell.
 5. A method for inhibiting and/or reducing pyroptotic cell death in a cell, the method comprising contacting the cell with an active agent that is disulfiram and a potentiating ingredient that is tert-Butylhydroquinone (TBHQ), thereby inhibiting and/or reducing pyroptotic cell death, wherein the amount of disulfiram is from about 5 mg to about 500 mg and the amount of TBHQ is from about 0.02% to about 56% by weight of disulfiram and a combination of disulfiram and TBHQ provides a synergistic effect, wherein the combination of disulfiram and TBHQ treats acute lung injury (ALI), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, dry eye, actinic keratosis, alopecia, and/or skin cancer.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the combination of disulfiram and TBHQ inhibits and/or reduces a pathological inflammatory response, alters a T-cell's age, and/or alters mitochondrial function in the cell.
 7. A method for boosting activity of an immune cell, the method comprising contacting the immune cell with an active agent that is disulfiram and a potentiating ingredient that is tert-Butylhydroquinone (TBHQ), thereby boosting activity of the immune cell, wherein the amount of disulfiram is from about 5 mg to about 500 mg and the amount of TBHQ is from about 0.02% to about 56% by weight of disulfiram and a combination of disulfiram and TBHQ provides a synergistic effect.
 8. The method of claim 7, wherein disulfiram and TBHQ are included in one composition and the composition consists essentially of disulfiram and TBHQ.
 9. The method of claim 7, wherein the method comprises contacting the immune cell with a first composition consisting essentially of disulfiram and contacting the cell with an at least second composition consisting essentially TBHQ.
 10. The method of claim 7, wherein boosting activity of the immune cell increases an effective immune response against an infectious agent and/or an atypical cell.
 11. The method of claim 7, wherein boosting activity of the immune cell improves the immune cell's response against a component contained in a vaccine, wherein the component contained in the vaccine is an antigen obtained from, related to, homologous to, or expressed by an infectious agent.
 12. The method of claim 7, wherein boosting activity of the immune cell comprises inhibiting a pathological immune response.
 13. The method of claim 12, wherein boosting activity of the immune cell minimizes overactive immune cell activity.
 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the synergistic effect is characterized using a Synergy Fold Ratio and/or using the Loewe Additivity Model.
 15. The method of claim 7, wherein the synergistic effect is characterized using a Synergy Fold Ratio and/or using the Loewe Additivity Model.
 16. The method of claim 5, wherein disulfiram and TBHQ are included in one composition and the composition consists essentially of disulfiram and TBHQ.
 17. The method of claim 5, wherein the method comprises contacting the cell with a first composition consisting essentially of disulfiram and contacting the cell with an at least second composition consisting essentially TBHQ.
 18. The method of claim 5, wherein the synergistic effect is characterized using a Synergy Fold Ratio and/or using the Loewe Additivity Model. 